NEW (2008) DeCS DESCRIPTORS WITH SCOPE NOTES (UNIT RECORD FORMAT; 21/02/2008) TOTAL 2008 NEW DESCRIPTORS = 462 DH = DeCS Heading MH = MeSH Heading UI = MeSH Unique Identifier DI = DeCS Unique Identifier MS = Scope Note MN = Hierarchical code AN = Annotation HN = History Note BX = See cross reference BX DeCS = See extra DeCS cross reference FX = See related descriptor FX DeCS = See extra related DeCS descriptor DH - Nutrition, Public Health DI - 052503 MN - SP6 MS - The science of food, the nutrients and other substances contained therein, their action, interaction, and balance in relation to health and disease. AN - why one eats & what happens with the food after ingested; GEN; prefer specifics; differentiate from FOOD and DIET; FOOD = the eaten substance; DIET = what is eaten, when, how much, etc; ADOLESCENT NUTRITION, CHILD NUTRITION & INFANT NUTRITION are also available; clinical nutrition as a specialty goes here HN - 2008 BX - Nutrition FX - Diet FX - Food DH - Child Nutrition DI - 052504 MN - SP6.021.062 MS - Nutrition of children aged 2-10 years. AN - ages 2-10; check also tag CHILD or specific HN - 2008 FX - Adolescent Nutrition FX - Infant Nutrition DH - Maternal Nutrition DI - 052505 MN - SP6.021.072 MS - Nutrition of a mother which affects the health of the INFANT as well as herself. AN - PRENATAL NUTRITION is also available HN - 2008 BX - Mother Nutrition BX - Nursing Mother Nutrition FX - Maternal Nutrition Physiology DH - Prenatal Nutrition DI - 052506 MN - SP6.021.082 MS - Nutrition of FETUS and mother during PREGNANCY. AN - check tags FEMALE & PREGNANCY; PRENATAL NUTRITION PHYSIOLOGY is also available HN - 2008 BX - Feeding, Prenatal BX - Feeding during Pregnancy BX - Food Intake during Pregnancy BX - Food Intake, Prenatal BX - Nutrition of the Pregnant Woman BX - Nutrition, Pregnancy (Public Health) BX - Nutrition, Prenatal (Public Health) BX - Nutrition During Pregnancy (Public Health) FX - Prenatal Care FX - Prenatal Nutrition Physiology DH - Infant Nutrition DI - 052507 MN - SP4.001.002.033.009 MN - SP4.011.102.133.219 MN - SP6.021.057 MS - Nutrition of children from birth to 2 years of age. AN - check the tag INFANT HN - 2008 FX - Child Nutrition FX - Infant Nutrition Physiology FX - Milk FX - Milk, Human DH - Adolescent Nutrition DI - 052508 MN - SP6.021.067 MS - Nutrition of persons 10 through 19 years of age. (WHO) AN - age 10-19; check the tag ADOLESCENCE HN - 2008 BX - Nutrition in Adolescence FX - Adolescent Nutrition Physiology MH - Peritoneal Stomata UI - D054048 MN - A01.047.025.600.700 MN - A10.810 MS - Natural openings in the subdiaphragmatic lymphatic plexus in the PERITONEUM, delimited by adjacent mesothelial cells. Peritoneal stomata constitute the principal pathways for the drainage of intraperitoneal contents from the PERITONEAL CAVITY to the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM. AN - do not confuse with SURGICAL STOMATA HN - 2008 BX - Diaphragmatic Stomata BX - Lymphatic Stomata BX - Stomata, Peritoneal FX - Surgical Stomas MH - Von Ebner Glands UI - D054838 MN - A03.556.500.760.906 MN - A10.336.779.906 MN - A14.549.760.906 MS - Small tubulo-alveolar salivary glands located beneath the circumvallate and foliate papillae. HN - 2008 BX - Von Ebner's Glands MH - Cumulus Cells UI - D054885 MN - A05.360.319.114.630.535.200.500 MN - A06.407.312.497.535.300.500 MN - A11.436.300.500 MS - The granulosa cells of the cumulus oophorus which surround the OVUM in the GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE. At OVULATION they are extruded with OVUM. HN - 2008 BX - Granulosa Cells, Cumulus MH - Coronary Sinus UI - D054326 MN - A07.231.908.194.500 MS - A short vein that collects about two thirds of the venous blood from the MYOCARDIUM and drains into the RIGHT ATRIUM. Coronary sinus, normally located between the LEFT ATRIUM and LEFT VENTRICLE on the posterior surface of the heart, can serve as an anatomical reference for cardiac procedures. HN - 2008 MH - Superior Sagittal Sinus UI - D054063 MN - A07.231.908.224.667 MS - The long large endothelium-lined venous channel on the top outer surface of the brain. It receives blood from a vein in the nasal cavity, runs backwards, and gradually increases in size as blood drains from veins of the brain and the DURA MATER. Near the lower back of the CRANIUM, the superior sagittal sinus deviates to one side (usually the right) and continues on as a TRANSVERSE SINUS. HN - 2008 MH - Transverse Sinuses UI - D054064 MN - A07.231.908.224.833 MS - The two large endothelium-lined venous channels that begin at the internal occipital protuberance at the back and lower part of the CRANIUM and travels laterally and forward ending in the internal jugular vein (JUGULAR VEINS). One of the transverse sinuses, usually the right one, is the continuation of the SUPERIOR SAGITTAL SINUS. The other transverse sinus is the continuation of the straight sinus. HN - 2008 BX - Lateral Sinus MH - Atrial Septum UI - D054087 MN - A07.541.459.249 MS - The thin membrane-like muscular structure separating the right and the left upper chambers (HEART ATRIA) of a heart. HN - 2008 MH - Endocardial Cushions UI - D054089 MN - A07.541.459.374 MN - A16.378.303.662 MS - A fetal heart structure that is the bulging areas in the cardiac septum between the HEART ATRIA and the HEART VENTRICLES. During development, growth and fusion of endocardial cushions at midline forms the two atrioventricular canals, the sites for future TRICUSPID VALVE and BICUSPID VALVE. HN - 2008 MH - Foramen Ovale UI - D054085 MN - A07.541.459.500 MS - An opening in the wall between the right and the left upper chambers (HEART ATRIA) of a fetal heart. Oval foramen normally closes soon after birth; when it fails to close the condition is called PATENT OVALE FORAMEN. HN - 2008; use HEART SEPTUM 1991-2007 MH - Ventricular Septum UI - D054088 MN - A07.541.459.750 MS - The muscular structure separating the right and the left lower chambers (HEART VENTRICLES) of the heart. The ventricular septum consists of a very small membranous portion just beneath the AORTIC VALVE, and a large thick muscular portion consisting of three sections including the inlet septum, the trabecular septum, and the outlet septum. HN - 2008 MH - Cerebrum UI - D054022 MN - A08.186.211.730.885.287 MS - Derived from TELENCEPHALON, cerebrum is composed of a right and a left hemisphere. Each contains an outer cerebral cortex and a subcortical basal ganglia. The cerebrum includes all parts within the skull except the MEDULLA OBLONGATA, the PONS, and the CEREBELLUM. Cerebral functions include sensorimotor, emotional, and intellectual activities. HN - 2008; use TELENCEPHALON 2001-2007; use BRAIN 1975-2000 MH - Myelencephalon UI - D054024 MN - A08.186.211.865.467 MS - The most posterior portion of the hindbrain from which MEDULLA OBLONGATA is derived. HN - 2008; use MEDULLA OBLONGATA 1986-2007 MH - Electrical Synapses UI - D054351 MN - A08.850.180 MN - A11.284.149.165.420.471.180 MN - A11.284.149.165.420.780.180 MS - Specialized junctions between NEURONS which connect the cytoplasm of one neuron to another allowing direct passage of an ion current. HN - 2008 BX - Gap Junctions, Neuronal BX - Neuronal Gap Junctions BX - Synapses, Electrical BX - Synapses, Electrotonic MH - Ear Auricle UI - D054644 MN - A09.246.272.197 MS - The shell-like structure projects like a little wing (pinna) from the side of the head. Ear auricles collect sound from the environment. HN - 2008 BX - Pinna, Ear BX - Auricula (Pavillion) MH - Scala Vestibuli UI - D054738 MN - A09.246.631.246.874 MS - The upper chamber of the COCHLEA that is filled with PERILYMPH. It is connected to SCALA TYMPANI via helicotrema at the apex of the cochlea. AN - SCALA TYMPANI is also available HN - 2008 MH - Semicircular Ducts UI - D054776 MN - A09.246.631.663.500 MS - The three membranous semicircular ducts within the bony semicircular canals. They open into the UTRICLE through five openings. Each duct has at one end a sensory area called the ampullary crest. AMPULLARY HAIR CELLS of the crests sense the movement of ENDOLYMPH resulting from rotation of the head. HN - 2008 MH - Hair Cells, Ampulla UI - D054777 MN - A09.246.631.663.500.500 MS - Sensory cells in the ampullary crest of each of the semicircular ducts, with their apical stereocilia embedded in a wedge-shaped gelatinous cupula. These hair cells sense the movement of ENDOLYMPH resulting from angular acceleration of the head, and send signals via the VESTIBULAR NERVE to the brain to maintain balance. HN - 2008 MH - Muscle, Striated UI - D054792 MN - A10.690.552 MS - One of two types of muscle in the body, characterized by the array of bands observed under microscope. Striated muscles can be divided into two subtypes: the CARDIAC MUSCLE and the SKELETAL MUSCLE. HN - 2008 (1994) BX - Striated Muscle MH - Surgical Stomas UI - D054047 MN - A10.850.720 MS - Artificial openings created by a surgeon for therapeutic reasons. Most often this refers to openings from the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT through the ABDOMINAL WALL to the outside of the body. It can also refer to the two ends of a surgical anastomosis. AN - do not confuse with PERITONEAL STOMATA HN - 2008 BX - Stomas, Surgical BX - Stomata, Surgical BX - Surgical Stomata FX - Cecostomy FX - Colostomy FX - Duodenostomy FX - Ileostomy FX - Jejunostomy FX - Peritoneal Stomata MH - Precursor Cells, B-Lymphoid UI - D054448 MN - A11.118.637.555.567.562.440 MN - A11.148.378.294.374 MN - A11.872.378.294.500 MS - Lymphocyte progenitor cells that are restricted in their differentiation potential to the B lymphocyte lineage. The pro-B cell stage of B LYMPHOCYTE development precedes the pre-B cell stage. HN - 2008 BX - Immature B-Lymphocytes BX - Pre-B Lymphocytes BX - Precursor B-Lymphocytes BX - Progenitor B-Lymphocytes BX - Transitional B-Lymphocytes MH - Precursor Cells, T-Lymphoid UI - D054504 MN - A11.118.637.555.567.569.360 MN - A11.148.378.294.750 MN - A11.872.378.294.750 MS - Lymphocyte progenitor cells that are restricted in their differentiation potential to the T lymphocyte lineage. HN - 2008 MH - Lymphoid Progenitor Cells UI - D054503 MN - A11.148.378.294 MN - A11.872.378.294 MN - A15.378.316.378.550 MS - Stem cells from which B-LYMPHOCYTES; T-LYMPHOCYTES; NATURAL KILLER CELLS; and some DENDRITIC CELLS derive. HN - 2008 MH - Embryonal Carcinoma Stem Cells UI - D054278 MN - A11.251.860.590 MN - A11.872.190.500 MN - A11.872.650.500 MS - The malignant stem cells of TERATOCARCINOMAS, which resemble pluripotent stem cells of the BLASTOCYST INNER CELL MASS. The EC cells can be grown in vitro, and experimentally induced to differentiate. They are used as a model system for studying early embryonic cell differentiation. HN - 2008; use TUMOR STEM CELLS 1986-2007 BX - Embryonal Carcinoma Cells MH - Axoneme UI - D054468 MN - A11.284.430.214.190.750.602.309 MS - A bundle of MICROTUBULES and MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS forming the core of each CILIUM or FLAGELLUM. In most eukaryotic cilia or flagella, an axoneme shaft has 20 microtubules arranged in nine doublets and two singlets. HN - 2008 MH - Ribosome Subunits UI - D054657 MN - A11.284.430.214.190.875.811.870 MS - The two dissimilar sized ribonucleoprotein complexes that comprise a RIBOSOME - the large ribosomal subunit and the small ribosomal subunit. The eukaryotic 80S ribosome is composed of a 60S large subunit and a 40S small subunit. The bacterial 70S ribosome is composed of a 50S large subunit and a 30S small subunit. AN - general; prefer specifics HN - 2008 MH - Ribosome Subunits, Large UI - D054658 MN - A11.284.430.214.190.875.811.870.700 MS - The largest ribonucleoprotein component of RIBOSOMES. It contains the domains which catalyze formation of the peptide bond and translocation of the ribosome along the MESSENGER RNA during GENETIC TRANSLATION. HN - 2008 BX - Large Ribosomal Subunits BX - Large Ribosome Subunits MH - Ribosome Subunits, Large, Archaeal UI - D054748 MN - A11.284.430.214.190.875.811.870.700.349 MS - The large subunit of the archaeal 70S RIBOSOME. It is composed of the 23S RIBOSOMAL RNA, the 5S RIBOSOMAL RNA, and about 40 different RIBOSOMAL PROTEINS. HN - 2008 MH - Ribosome Subunits, Large, Bacterial UI - D054681 MN - A11.284.430.214.190.875.811.870.700.700 MS - The large subunit of the eubacterial 70S RIBOSOME. It is composed of the 23S RIBOSOMAL RNA, the 5S RIBOSOMAL RNA, and about 37 different RIBOSOMAL PROTEINS. HN - 2008 MH - Ribosome Subunits, Large, Eukaryotic UI - D054683 MN - A11.284.430.214.190.875.811.870.700.750 MS - The large subunit of the 80S RIBOSOME of eukaryotes. It is composed of the 28S RIBOSOMAL RNA, the 5.8S RIBOSOMAL RNA, the 5S RIBOSOMAL RNA, and about 50 different RIBOSOMAL PROTEINS. HN - 2008 MH - Ribosome Subunits, Small UI - D054679 MN - A11.284.430.214.190.875.811.870.750 MS - The small ribonucleoprotein component of RIBOSOMES. It contains the MESSENGER RNA binding site and two TRANSFER RNA binding sites - one for the incoming AMINO ACYL TRNA (A site) and the other (P site) for the peptidyl tRNA carrying the elongating peptide chain. HN - 2008 MH - Ribosome Subunits, Small, Archaeal UI - D054749 MN - A11.284.430.214.190.875.811.870.750.349 MS - The small subunit of archaeal RIBOSOMES. It is composed of the 16S RIBOSOMAL RNA and about 28 different RIBOSOMAL PROTEINS. HN - 2008 MH - Ribosome Subunits, Small, Bacterial UI - D054680 MN - A11.284.430.214.190.875.811.870.750.700 MS - The small subunit of eubacterial RIBOSOMES. It is composed of the 16S RIBOSOMAL RNA and about 23 different RIBOSOMAL PROTEINS. HN - 2008 MH - Ribosome Subunits, Small, Eukaryotic UI - D054682 MN - A11.284.430.214.190.875.811.870.750.750 MS - The small subunit of the 80S RIBOSOME of eukaryotes. It is composed of the 18S RIBOSOMAL RNA and 32 different RIBOSOMAL PROTEINS. HN - 2008 MH - Compound Eye, Arthropod UI - D054910 MN - A13.246 MS - Light sensory organ in ARTHROPODS consisting of a large number of ommatidia, each functioning as an independent photoreceptor unit. HN - 2008 FX - Photoreceptors, Invertebrate MH - Blastodisc UI - D054239 MN - A16.331.042 MS - A small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK where cleavage begins. Upon fertilization the cytoplasm streams from the vegetal pole away from the yolk to the animal pole where cleavage will occur. This germinal area eventually flattens into a layer of cells (BLASTODERM) that covers the yolk completely. HN - 2008 BX - Germinal Disc MH - Neural Plate UI - D054258 MN - A16.629 MS - The region in the dorsal ECTODERM of a chordate embryo that gives rise to the future CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Tissue in the neural plate is called the neuroectoderm, often used as a synonym of neural plate. HN - 2008 MH - Neural Tube UI - D054259 MN - A16.630 MS - A tube of ectodermal tissue in an embryo that will give rise to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, including the SPINAL CORD and the BRAIN. Lumen within the neural tube is called neural canal which gives rise to the central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain. For malformation of the neural tube, see NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS. HN - 2008 MH - Primitive Streak UI - D054240 MN - A16.830 MS - A linear band of rapidly proliferating cells that begins near the posterior end of an embryo and grows cranially. Primitive streak is formed during GASTRULATION by the convergent migration of primary ectodermal cells (EPIBLAST). The knot at the tip of the streak is called HENSEN NODE. HN - 2008; use GASTRULA 1979-2007 MH - Rats, Hairless UI - D054772 MN - B01.150.900.649.865.635.505.700.550.408 MS - Mutant strains of rats that produce little or no hair. Several different homozygous recessive mutations can cause hairlessness in rats including rnu/rnu (Rowett nude), fz/fz (fuzzy), shn/shn (shorn), and nznu/nznu (New Zealand nude). Note that while NUDE RATS are often hairless, they are most characteristically athymic. HN - 2008 MH - Oscillatoria UI - D054300 MN - B03.280.612 MN - B03.440.475.100.612 MS - A genus of filamentous CYANOBACTERIA in the order Oscillatoriales. It is commonly found in freshwater environments, especially hot springs. HN - 2008 MH - Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli UI - D054308 MN - B03.440.450.425.325.300.330 MN - B03.660.250.150.180.100.330 MS - Strains of ESCHERICHIA COLI characterized by attaching-and-effacing histopathology. These strains of bacteria intimately adhere to the epithelial cell membrane and show effacement of microvilli. In developed countries they are associated with INFANTILE DIARRHEA and infantile GASTROENTERITIS and, in contrast to ETEC strains, do not produce ENDOTOXINS. AN - infection: coordinate IM with ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2008 BX - E coli, Enteropathogenic BX - EPEC BX - Escherichia coli, Enteropathogenic MH - Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli UI - D054307 MN - B03.440.450.425.325.300.340 MN - B03.660.250.150.180.100.340 MS - Strains of ESCHERICHIA COLI that produce or contain at least one member of either heat-labile or heat-stable ENTEROTOXINS. The organisms colonize the mucosal surface of the small intestine and elaborate their enterotoxins causing DIARRHEA. They are mainly associated with tropical and developing countries and affect susceptible travelers to those places. AN - infection: coordinate IM with ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTION (IM) HN - 2008 BX - E coli, Enterotoxigenic BX - Escherichia coli, Enterotoxigenic BX - ETEC MH - Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli UI - D054323 MN - B03.440.450.425.325.300.800 MN - B03.660.250.150.180.100.800 MS - Strains of ESCHERICHIA COLI with the ability to produce at least one or more of at least two antigenically distinct, usually bacteriophage-mediated cytotoxins: SHIGA TOXIN 1 and SHIGA TOXIN 2. These bacteria can cause severe disease in humans including bloody DIARRHEA and HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME. AN - infection: coordinate IM with ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTION (IM); consider also HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME HN - 2008 BX - E coli, Verotoxigenic BX - Escherichia coli, Verotoxigenic BX - STEC BX - Verotoxigenic Escherichia coli MH - Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli UI - D054324 MN - B03.440.450.425.325.300.800.250 MN - B03.660.250.150.180.100.800.250 MS - Strains of ESCHERICHIA COLI that are a subgroup of SHIGA-TOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI. They cause non-bloody and bloody DIARRHEA; HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME; and hemorrhagic COLITIS. An important member of this subgroup is ESCHERICHIA COLI O157-H7. AN - infection: coordinate IM with ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTIONS (IM); consider also HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME HN - 2008; use ESCHERICHIA COLI O157 1999-2007 BX - E coli, Enterohemorrhagic BX - EHEC BX - Escherichia coli, Enterohemorrhagic MH - Tropheryma UI - D054851 MN - B03.510.024.049.887 MS - A genus of gram-positive bacteria in the family Cellulomonadaceae. AN - infection: coordinate IM with ACTINOMYCETALES INFECTIONS (IM); infection caused by Tropheryma whipplei = WHIPPLE DISEASE HN - 2008 BX - Tropheryma whipplei MH - Streptococcus gordonii UI - D054773 MN - B03.510.400.800.872.260 MS - A species of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria in the family STREPTOCOCCACEAE. It is a normal inhabitant of the human oral cavity, and causes DENTAL PLAQUE and ENDOCARDITIS. It is being investigated as a vehicle for vaccine delivery. AN - infection: coordinate IM with STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS (IM) and ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL (IM) or DENTAL PLAQUE (IM) if pertinent HN - 2008 MH - Vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus UI - D054260 MN - B04.820.455.750.900.910 MN - B04.909.777.455.750.900.910 MS - A species of VESICULOVIRUS causing VESICULAR STOMATITIS primarily in cattle, horses, and pigs. It can be transmitted to humans where it causes influenza-like symptoms. AN - infection: coordinate IM with probably VESICULAR STOMATITIS (IM); otherwise coordinate with RHABDOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS (IM) HN - 2008 MH - Cananga UI - D054362 MN - B06.388.100.065.781 MS - A plant genus of the family ANNONACEAE known for its aromatic oil (OILS, VOLATILE). AN - coordinate with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coordinate IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29 HN - 2008; use ANNONACEAE 2003-2007 BX - Ylang-Ylang MH - Goniothalamus UI - D054335 MN - B06.388.100.065.812 MS - A plant genus of the family ANNONACEAE. Members contain cyclopeptides and styrylpyrones. AN - coordinate with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coordinate IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29 HN - 2008; use ANNONACEAE 2003-2007 MH - Cyclopia Plant UI - D053998 MN - B06.388.100.401.184 MS - A plant genus of the family Fabaceae. Members contain cyclopamine, a teratogen producing cyclopia (one eye in the middle of the face) and XANTHONES. AN - coordinate with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coordinate IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29 HN - 2007 MH - Clausena UI - D054700 MN - B06.388.100.875.216 MS - A plant genus of the family RUTACEAE. Members contain anethole and CARBAZOLES. AN - coordinate with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coordinate IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29 HN - 2008; use RUTACEAE 2003-2007 MH - Dipterocarpaceae UI - D053958 MN - B06.388.100.928.374 MS - A plant family of the order Theales. AN - coordinate with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coordinate IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29 HN - 2008; use THEALES 2002-2007 BX - Dryobalanops BX - Hopea BX - Monotes BX - Shorea BX - Vateria MH - Plant Stomata UI - D054046 MN - B06.413.024.750.650 MN - B06.413.024.812.650 MS - Closable openings in the epidermis of plants on the underside of leaves. They allow the exchange of gases between the internal tissues of the plant and the outside atmosphere. HN - 2008 BX - Stomata, Plant MH - Buruli Ulcer UI - D054312 MN - C01.252.410.040.552.475.247 MN - C17.800.893.295 MS - A lesion in the skin and subcutaneous tissues due to infections by MYCOBACTERIUM ULCERANS. It was first reported in Uganda, Africa. HN - 2008 BX - Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection MH - Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis UI - D054908 MN - C01.252.410.040.552.846.775.500 MS - Tuberculosis resistant to ISONIAZID and RIFAMPIN and at least three of the six main classes of second-line drugs (AMINOGLYCOSIDES; polypeptide agents; FLUOROQUINOLONES; THIOAMIDES; CYCLOSERINE; and PARA-AMINOSALICYLIC ACID) as defined by the CDC. AN - coordinate with specific type of tuberculosis + specific antitubercular agents if pertinent HN - 2008 BX - Tuberculosis, Extensively Drug-Resistant MH - Vesicular Stomatitis UI - D054243 MN - C02.782.580.830.825 MN - C07.465.864.968 MN - C22.952 MS - A viral disease caused by at least two distinct species (serotypes) in the VESICULOVIRUS genus: VESICULAR STOMATITIS INDIANA VIRUS and VESICULAR STOMATITIS NEW JERSEY VIRUS. It is characterized by vesicular eruptions on the ORAL MUCOSA in cattle, horses, pigs, and other animals. In humans, vesicular stomatitis causes an acute influenza-like illness. AN - coordinate IM with specifici virus species (IM) if pertinent HN - 2008 BX - Stomatitis, Vesicular MH - Dendritic Cell Sarcoma, Follicular UI - D054740 MN - C04.557.227.190 MN - C15.604.667.400.390.190 MS - Sarcoma of FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS most often found in the lymph nodes. This rare neoplasm occurs predominately in adults. HN - 2008 BX - Follicular Dendritic Cell Sarcoma MH - Dendritic Cell Sarcoma, Interdigitating UI - D054739 MN - C04.557.227.199 MN - C15.604.667.400.390.199 MS - A rare sarcoma of INTERDIGITATING CELLS found in the lymph nodes and non-lymphoid organs. They exhibit a variable immunophenotype and lack Birbeck granules. HN - 2008 BX - Interdigitating Dendritic Cell Sarcoma MH - Histiocytic Sarcoma UI - D054747 MN - C04.557.227.380 MN - C15.604.667.400.390.380 MS - Malignant neoplasms composed of MACROPHAGES or DENDRITIC CELLS. Most histiocytic sarcomas present as localized tumor masses without a leukemic phase. Though the biological behavior of these neoplasms resemble lymphomas, their cell lineage is histiocytic not lymphoid. HN - 2008 BX - Histiocytosis, Malignant BX - Malignant Histiocytosis MH - Langerhans Cell Sarcoma UI - D054752 MN - C04.557.227.500 MN - C15.604.667.400.390.500 MS - Rare malignant neoplasm of dendritic LANGERHANS CELLS exhibiting atypical cytology, frequent mitoses, and aggressive clinical behavior. They can be distinguished from other histiocytic and dendritic proliferations by immunohistochemical and ultrastructure studies. Cytologically benign proliferations of Langerhans cells are called LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS. HN - 2008 MH - Leukemia, Prolymphocytic, B-Cell UI - D054403 MN - C04.557.337.428.080.562 MN - C04.557.337.428.565.745 MN - C15.604.515.560.080.562 MN - C15.604.515.560.550.745 MN - C20.683.515.528.080.562 MN - C20.683.515.528.565.745 MS - A neoplasm of prolymphocytes affecting the blood, bone marrow, and spleen. It is characterized by prolymphocytes exceeding 55% of the lymphoid cells in the blood and profound splenomegaly. HN - 2008 BX - B-Cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia MH - Leukemia, Large Granular Lymphocytic UI - D054066 MN - C04.557.337.428.580.049 MN - C15.604.515.560.575.049 MN - C20.683.515.528.582.049 MS - A spectrum of disorders characterized by clonal expansions of the peripheral blood LYMPHOCYTE populations known as large granular lymphocytes which contain abundant cytoplasm and azurophilic granules. Subtypes develop from either CD3-negative NATURAL KILLER CELLS or CD3-positive T-CELLS. The clinical course of both subtypes can vary from spontaneous regression to progressive, malignant disease. HN - 2008; use LEUKEMIA, LYMPHOCYTIC 1997-2007 BX - Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Large Granular BX - Leukemia, Natural Killer Cell Large Granular Lymphocytic BX - Leukemia, T-Cell Large Granular Lymphocytic BX - Natural Killer Cell Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia BX - T-Cell Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia MH - Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma UI - D054198 MN - C04.557.337.428.600 MN - C15.604.515.560.600 MN - C20.683.515.528.600 MS - A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias. HN - 2008; for LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA use LEUKEMIA, LYMPHOID 1989-2007 BX - Leukemia, Lymphoblastic BX - Leukemia, Lymphoid, Acute BX - Lymphoblastic Leukemia BX - Lymphoblastic Lymphoma BX - Lymphocytic Leukemia, Acute BX - Lymphoma, Lymphoblastic MH - Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma UI - D054218 MN - C04.557.337.428.600.620 MN - C15.604.515.560.600.620 MN - C20.683.515.528.600.620 MS - A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and young adults and characterized LYMPHADENOPATHY and THYMUS GLAND involvement. It most frequently presents as a lymphoma, but a leukemic progression in the bone marrow is common. HN - 2008 MH - Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic, Atypical, BCR-ABL Negative UI - D054438 MN - C04.557.337.539.300 MN - C15.378.190.615.500 MS - A myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative disorder characterized by myelodysplasia associated with bone marrow and peripheral blood patterns similar to CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA, but cytogenetically lacking a PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME or bcr/abl fusion gene (GENES, ABL). HN - 2008 BX - Atypical Chronic Myeloid Leukemia BX - Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, Atypical BX - Leukemia, Myeloid, Philadelphia-Negative BX - Myeloid Leukemia, Philadelphia-Negative MH - Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Juvenile UI - D054429 MN - C04.557.337.539.525 MN - C15.378.190.615.520 MS - A leukemia affecting young children characterized by SPLENOMEGALY, enlarged lymph nodes, rashes, and hemorrhages. Traditionally classed as a myeloproliferative disease, it is now considered a mixed myeloproliferative-mylelodysplastic disorder. HN - 2008 BX - Juvenile Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia BX - Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia MH - Lymphoma, Primary Effusion UI - D054685 MN - C04.557.386.480.150.592 MN - C15.604.515.569.480.150.592 MN - C20.683.515.761.480.150.592 MS - A rare neoplasm of large B-cells usually presenting as serious effusions without detectable tumor masses. The most common sites of involvement are the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities. It is associated with HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 8, most often occurring in the setting of immunodeficiency. AN - do not confuse with MALIGNANT PLEURAL EFFUSIONS HN - 2008 BX - Primary Effusion Lymphoma MH - Lymphoma, Extranodal NK-T-Cell UI - D054391 MN - C04.557.386.480.750.199 MS - An extranodal neoplasm, usually possessing an NK-cell phenotype and associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS. These lymphomas exhibit a broad morphologic spectrum, frequent necrosis, angioinvasion, and most commonly present in the midfacial region, but also in other extranodal sites. HN - 2008 BX - Extranodal NK-T-Cell Lymphoma MH - Lymphoma, Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell UI - D054446 MN - C04.557.386.480.750.800.507 MN - C15.604.515.569.480.750.800.507 MN - C20.683.515.761.480.750.800.507 MS - Anaplastic lymphoma of the skin which develops as a primary neoplasm expressing the CD30 ANTIGEN. It is characterized by solitary nodules or ulcerated tumors. AN - coordinate IM with SKIN NEOPLASMS (IM) HN - 2008 MH - Mastocytoma, Skin UI - D054705 MN - C04.557.450.565.465.249.500 MN - C04.557.450.565.465.500.500 MN - C17.800.508.236.500 MN - C17.800.508.473.500 MS - A variant of cutaneous mastocytosis which occurs as a single lesion usually in infants. It is found mostly in the wrist and trunk and there is no atypical cytomorphology. HN - 2008; use MASTOCYTOMA 2003-2007 BX - Skin Mastocytoma MH - Solitary Fibrous Tumors UI - D054364 MN - C04.557.450.565.590.797 MS - Rare neoplasms of mesenchymal origin, usually benign, and most commonly involving the PLEURA (see SOLITARY FIBROUS TUMOR, PLEURAL). They also are found in extrapleural sites. HN - 2008 MH - Solitary Fibrous Tumor, Pleural UI - D054363 MN - C04.557.450.565.590.797.750 MN - C04.588.894.797.640.800 MS - A rare neoplasm, usually benign, derived from mesenchymal fibroblasts located in the submesothelial lining of the PLEURA. It spite of its various synonyms, it has no features of mesothelial cells and is not related to malignant MESOTHELIOMA or asbestos exposure. AN - note entry terms: MESOTHELIOMA is also available HN - 2008 BX - Fibrous Mesothelioma BX - Solitary Fibrous Mesothelioma MH - Neoplasms, Plasma Cell UI - D054219 MN - C04.557.595 MS - Neoplasms associated with a proliferation of a single clone of PLASMA CELLS and characterized by the secretion of PARAPROTEINS. HN - 2008 BX - Plasma Cell Neoplasms MH - Nevus Sebaceous of Jadassohn UI - D054000 MN - C04.557.665.560.425 MN - C10.562.700 MN - C16.131.077.633 MS - A syndrome characterized by lesions occurring on the face, scalp, or neck which consist of congenital hypoplastic malformations of cutaneous structures and which over time undergo verrucous hyperplasia. Additionally it is associated with neurological symptoms and skeletal, ophthalmological, urogenital, and cardiovascular abnormalities. HN - 2008 BX - Feuerstein-Mims Syndrome BX - Nevus, Linear Sebaceous BX - Organoid Nevus Phakomatosis BX - Schimmelpenning-Feuerstein-Mims Syndrome BX - Sebaceous Nevus of Jadassohn MH - Osteophyte UI - D054850 MN - C05.116.540.310.800 MS - Bony outgrowth usually found around joints and often seen in conditions such as ARTHRITIS. HN - 2008 BX - Bone Spur MH - Ischemic Contracture UI - D054061 MN - C05.550.323.734 MN - C05.651.180.531 MN - C05.651.197.734 MN - C14.907.303.531 MS - A type of permanent damage to muscles and nerves that results from prolonged lack blood flow to those tissues. It is characterized by shortening and stiffening of the muscles. HN - 2008; for VOLKMANN CONTRACTURE use COMPARTMENT SYNDROMES 1963-2007 BX - Contracture, Volkmann BX - Volkmann Contracture MH - Arachnodactyly UI - D054119 MN - C05.660.585.174 MN - C16.131.621.585.174 MS - An abnormal bone development that is characterized by extra long and slender hands and fingers, such that the clenched thumb extends beyond the ulnar side of the hand. Arachnodactyly can include feet and toes. Arachnodactyly has been associated with several gene mutations and syndromes. HN - 2008, 1963-1984; use MARFAN SYNDROME 1985-2007 MH - Pulmonary Infarction UI - D054060 MN - C08.381.746.500 MN - C14.907.355.350.700.500 MS - NECROSIS of lung tissue that is cause by the lack of OXYGEN or blood supply. The most common cause of pulmonary infarction is a blood clot in the lung. HN - 2008 (1998) MH - Deaf-Blind Disorders UI - D054062 MN - C09.218.458.341.186.500 MN - C10.597.751.418.341.186.500 MN - C10.597.751.941.162.625 MN - C11.966.075.375 MN - C16.131.077.299 MN - C23.888.592.763.393.341.186.500 MN - C23.888.592.763.941.162.625 MS - The absence of both hearing and vision. HN - 2008 BX - Blind-Deaf Disorders FX - Hearing Impaired Persons FX - Visually Impaired Persons MH - Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency UI - D054078 MN - C10.228.140.163.100.680.430 MN - C15.378.147.542.319 MN - C16.320.565.189.680.430 MN - C16.320.565.663.480 MN - C18.452.132.100.680.430 MN - C18.452.648.189.680.430 MN - C18.452.648.663.480 MN - C20.683.460.319 MS - An inborn error in cholesterol biosynthesis pathway resulting in the accumulation of MEVALONIC ACID and characterized by a range of symptoms that may include dysmorphic FACIES, psychomotor retardation, CATARACT, hepatosplenomegaly, CEREBELLAR ATAXIA, elevated IMMUNOGLOBULIN D, and recurrent febrile crises with FEVER; LYMPHADENOPATHY; ARTHRALGIA; EDEMA; and rash. HN - 2008 BX - Hyperimmunoglobulinemia D MH - Marchiafava-Bignami Disease UI - D054319 MN - C10.228.140.163.510 MN - C10.314.475 MS - A neurodegenerative condition that is characterized by demyelination or necrosis of the CORPUS CALLOSUM. Symptoms include DEPRESSION; PARANOIA; DEMENTIA; SEIZURES; and ATAXIA which can progress to COMA and death in a few months. Marchiafava-Bignami syndrome is seen often in alcoholics but has been found in non-alcoholics as well. HN - 2008 MH - Vein of Galen Malformations UI - D054080 MN - C10.228.140.300.520.500 MN - C10.500.190.500.500 MN - C14.240.850.750.295.500 MN - C14.240.850.875.500.500 MN - C14.907.150.295.500 MN - C14.907.253.560.400.500 MN - C16.131.240.850.750.295.500 MN - C16.131.240.850.875.500.500 MN - C16.131.666.190.500.500 MS - Congenital arteriovenous malformation involving the VEIN OF GALEN, a large deep vein at the base of the brain. The rush of arterial blood directly into the vein of Galen, without passing through the CAPILLARIES, can overwhelm the heart and lead to CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE. HN - 2008 MH - Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome UI - D054038 MN - C10.228.140.631.500.500 MS - A condition that is characterized by HEADACHE; SEIZURES; and visual loss with edema in the posterior aspects of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, such as the BRAIN STEM. Generally, lesions involve the white matter (nerve fibers) but occasionally the grey matter (nerve cell bodies). HN - 2008 BX - Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome, Posterior MH - Neuroacanthocytosis UI - D054546 MN - C10.228.662.262.249.937 MN - C16.320.400.550 MS - An inherited autosomal disorder that is characterized by neurodegeneration; orofacial and buccal DYSKINESIAS; CHOREA; and thorny-looking red cells (ACANTHOCYTES). This disorder is due to mutations of chorein which is important in protein trafficking and is encoded by VPS13A on chromosome 9q21. HN - 2008 (2000) BX - Choreoacanthocytosis MH - Malformations of Cortical Development UI - D054220 MN - C10.500.507 MN - C16.131.666.507 MS - Abnormalities in the development of the CEREBRAL CORTEX. These include malformations arising from abnormal neuronal CELL PROLIFERATION or APOPTOSIS; abnormal neuronal migration; and abnormal establishment of cortical organization via neurite extension, synaptogenesis, or neuronal maturation. As well as mutations effecting these developmental processes directly, there are a variety of inborn metabolic errors, such as PEROXISOMAL DISORDERS and mitochondrial and pyruvate metabolic disorders which effect them secondarily and also exhibit these malformations. They are common causes of EPILEPSY and developmental delay and are often a component of multiple congenital anomalies. HN - 2008 MH - Lissencephaly UI - D054082 MN - C10.500.507.249 MN - C16.131.666.507.186 MS - A "smooth brain" malformation of the CEREBRAL CORTEX resulting from abnormal location of developing neurons during corticogenesis. It is characterized by an absence of normal convoluted indentations on the surface of the brain (agyria), or fewer and shallower indentations (pachygryia). There is a reduced number of cortical layers, typically 4 instead of 6, resulting in a thickened cortex, and reduced cerebral white matter that is a reversal of the normal ratio of cerebral white matter to cortex. AN - note specifics; MICROLISSENCEPHALY is also available HN - 2008 BX - Agyria BX - Pachygyria MH - Classical Lissencephalies and Subcortical Band Heterotopias UI - D054221 MN - C10.500.507.249.230 MN - C10.500.507.750.230 MN - C16.131.666.507.186.230 MN - C16.131.666.507.812.230 MS - Disorders comprising a spectrum of brain malformations representing the paradigm of a diffuse neuronal migration disorder. They result in cognitive impairment; SEIZURES; and HYPOTONIA or spasticity. Mutations of two genes, LIS1, the gene for the non-catalytic subunit of PLATELET-ACTIVATING FACTOR ACETYLHYDROLASE IB; and DCX or XLIS, the gene for doublecortin, have been identified as the most common causes of disorders in this spectrum. Additional variants of classical (Type I) lissencephaly have been linked to RELN, the gene for reelin, and ARX, the gene for aristaless related homeobox protein. (From Leventer, R.J., et al, Mol Med Today. 2000 Jul;6(7):277-84 and Barkovich, A.J., et al, Neurology. 2005 Dec 27;65(12):1873-87.) HN - 2008 BX - Heterotopia, Subcortical Band BX - Lissencephalies, Classical BX - Lissencephaly, Type 1 BX - Lissencephaly, X-Linked BX - Lissencephaly-Subcortical Band Heterotopia BX - Miller-Dieker Syndrome BX - Subcortical Band Heterotopia MH - Cobblestone Lissencephaly UI - D054222 MN - C10.500.507.249.249 MN - C10.500.507.750.249 MN - C16.131.666.507.186.249 MN - C16.131.666.507.812.249 MS - The smooth pebbled appearance of the CEREBRAL CORTEX with a thickened cortex and reduced and abnormal white matter, which results from migration of heterotopic neurons beyond the marginal zone into the leptomeninges through gaps in the external BASEMENT MEMBRANE. There is also enlarged ventricles, underdeveloped BRAINSTEM and cerebellum, and absence of the CORPUS CALLOSUM. These abnormalities occur as a syndrome without other birth defects (cobblestone complex) or in other syndromes associated with congenital MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY, often involving the eye, such as the Walker-Warburg Syndrome, Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy, and muscle-eye-brain disease. HN - 2008 BX - Cobblestone Complex BX - Cobblestone Dysplasia BX - Lissencephaly Type 2 MH - Neuronal Migration Disorders UI - D054081 MN - C10.500.507.750 MN - C16.131.666.507.812 MS - Disorders resulting from defects in migration of neuronal cells during neurogenesis. Developing nerve cells either fail to migrate or they migrate to incorrect positions resulting in formation of heterotopias, lissencephaly, or other malformations and dysfunctions of the nervous system. HN - 2008 MH - Periventricular Nodular Heterotopia UI - D054091 MN - C10.500.507.750.750 MN - C16.131.666.507.812.750 MS - A disorder resulting from a defect in the pattern of neuronal migration in which ectopic collections of neurons lie along the lateral ventricles of the brain or just beneath, contiguously or in isolated patches. HN - 2008 MH - Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous UI - D054514 MN - C11.250.616 MN - C16.131.384.725 MS - A developmental ocular anomaly in which the primary VITREOUS BODY and its surrounding hyaloid vasculature failed to regress. It is usually unilateral and characterized by CATARACT; MICROPHTHALMOS (small eyeballs), and retrolenticular fibrovascular tissue. (from Yanoff: Ophthalmology, 2nd ed.) HN - 2008 BX - Persistent Hyaloid Artery MH - Orbital Cellulitis UI - D054517 MN - C11.675.581 MN - C17.300.185.500 MS - Inflammation of the loose connective tissues around the ORBIT, bony structure around the eyeball. It is characterized by PAIN; EDEMA of the CONJUNCTIVA; swelling of the EYELIDS; EXOPHTHALMOS; limited eye movement; and loss of vision. HN - 2008 BX - Cellulitis, Orbital MH - Sertoli Cell-Only Syndrome UI - D054331 MN - C12.294.365.700.754 MS - A type of male infertility in which no germ cells are visible in any of the biopsied SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES (type I) or in which germ cells are present in a minority of tubules (type II). Clinical features include AZOOSPERMIA, normal VIRILIZATION, and normal chromosomal complement. HN - 2008 BX - Germinal Cell Aplasia MH - Vulvar Vestibulitis UI - D054515 MN - C13.351.500.944.902.368 MS - Inflammation of the VULVAR vestibular region at the entrance of the VAGINA, generally involving surface mucosa and submucosal vestibular glands. It is characterized by ERYTHEMA and chronic recurrent pain in this area. HN - 2008 FX - Dyspareunia MH - Myocardial Bridging UI - D054084 MN - C14.240.400.210.500 MN - C14.280.400.210.500 MN - C16.131.240.400.210.500 MS - A malformation that is characterized by a muscle bridge over a segment of the CORONARY ARTERIES. Systolic contractions of the muscle bridge can lead to narrowing of coronary artery; coronary compression; MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH. HN - 2008 MH - Ectopia Cordis UI - D054083 MN - C14.240.400.422 MN - C16.131.240.400.422 MS - A rare developmental defect in which the heart is abnormally located partially or totally outside the THORAX. It is the result of defective fusion of the anterior chest wall. Depending on the location of the heart, ectopia cordis can be thoracic, thoracoabdominal, abdominal, and cervical. HN - 2008; use HEART DEFECTS, CONGENITAL 1963-2007 MH - Foramen Ovale, Patent UI - D054092 MN - C14.240.400.560.375.258 MN - C14.280.400.560.375.258 MN - C16.131.240.400.560.375.258 MS - A condition in which the FORAMEN OVALE in the ATRIAL SEPTUM fails to close shortly after birth. This results in abnormal communications between the two upper chambers of the heart. An isolated patent ovale foramen without other structural heart defects is usually of no hemodynamic significance. HN - 2008; use HEART SEPTAL DEFECTS, ATRIAL 1980-2007 BX - Patent Foramen Ovale MH - Vascular Malformations UI - D054079 MN - C14.240.850 MN - C16.131.240.850 MS - A spectrum of congenital, inherited, or acquired abnormalities in BLOOD VESSELS that can adversely affect the normal blood flow in ARTERIES or VEINS. Most are congenital defects such as abnormal communications between blood vessels (fistula), shunting of arterial blood directly into veins bypassing the CAPILLARIES (arteriovenous malformations), formation of large dilated blood blood-filled vessels (cavernous angioma), and swollen capillaries (capillary telangiectases). In rare cases, vascular malformations can result from trauma or diseases. HN - 2008 MH - Sinus Arrest, Cardiac UI - D054138 MN - C14.280.067.093.500 MN - C23.550.073.093.500 MS - The omission of atrial activation that is caused by transient cessation of impulse generation at the SINOATRIAL NODE. It is characterized by a prolonged pause without P wave in an ELECTROCARDIOGRAM. Sinus arrest has been associated with sleep apnea (REM SLEEP-RELATED SINUS ARREST). HN - 2008 BX - Cardíac Sinus Arrest MH - Atrioventricular Block UI - D054537 MN - C14.280.067.558.230 MN - C23.550.073.425.062 MS - Impaired impulse conduction from HEART ATRIA to HEART VENTRICLES. AV block can mean delayed or completely blocked impulse conduction. HN - 2008 (1975) MH - Tachycardia, Reciprocating UI - D054139 MN - C14.280.067.845.787 MN - C23.550.073.845.787 MS - Abnormally rapid heartbeats caused by reentrant conduction over the accessory pathways between the HEART ATRIA and the HEART VENTRICLES. The impulse can also travel in the reverse direction, as in some cases, atrial impulses travel to the ventricles over the accessory pathways and back to the atria over the BUNDLE OF HIS and the ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE. HN - 2008; use TACHYCARDIA, PAROXYSMAL 1995-2007 BX - Reciprocating Tachycardia MH - Ventricular Flutter UI - D054141 MN - C14.280.067.961 MN - C23.550.073.961 MS - A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia characterized by an extremely rapid, hemodynamically unstable ventricular tachycardia (150-300 beats/min) with a large oscillating sine-wave appearance. If untreated, ventricular flutter typically progresses to VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION. AN - do not confuse with VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION HN - 2008 MH - Heart Failure, Diastolic UI - D054144 MN - C14.280.434.611 MS - Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial relaxation during DIASTOLE leading to defective cardiac filling. HN - 2008 MH - Heart Failure, Systolic UI - D054143 MN - C14.280.434.676 MS - Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial contraction during SYSTOLE leading to defective cardiac emptying. HN - 2008 MH - Acute Coronary Syndrome UI - D054058 MN - C14.280.647.124 MN - C14.907.585.124 MS - An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode but that does not usually result in MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. HN - 2008 MH - Coronary Occlusion UI - D054059 MN - C14.280.647.250.272 MN - C14.907.585.250.272 MS - Complete blockage of blood flow through one of the CORONARY ARTERIES, usually from CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS. HN - 2008; use CORONARY DISEASE 1995-2007 FX - Coronary Thrombosis MH - Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy UI - D054549 MN - C14.280.945.900.500 MS - A transient left ventricular apical dysfunction or ballooning accompanied by electrocardiographic (ECG) T wave inversions. This abnormality is associated with high levels of CATECHOLAMINES, either administered or endogenously secreted from tumor or during extreme stress. HN - 2008 MH - Angioedema, Hereditary UI - D054179 MN - C14.907.079.500 MN - C16.320.078 MN - C17.800.862.945.066.500 MN - C20.543.480.904.066.500 MS - An inherited disorder that is characterized by subcutaneous and submucosal EDEMA in the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT and GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. HN - 2008 MH - Malignant Atrophic Papulosis UI - D054853 MN - C14.907.137.520 MN - C14.907.940.530 MN - C17.800.862.457 MS - Variously described as a vasculopathy, endovasculitis, or occlusive arteriopathy, this condition occurs in a benign cutaneous form and a lethal multiorgan systemic variant. It is characterized by a narrowing and occlusion of the lumen of small to medium-sized blood vessels, leading to ischemia and infarction in the involved organ systems. The etiology and pathophysiology are unknown. AN - malignant does not refer to neoplasm; do not confuse with the neoplasm ACANTHOMA, DEGOS see ACANTHOMA HN - 2008 BX - Degos Disease BX - Kohlmeier-Degos Disease MH - Venous Thromboembolism UI - D054556 MN - C14.907.355.590.700 MN - C14.907.355.830.850.700 MS - Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream. HN - 2008 BX - Thromboembolism, Venous MH - Postthrombotic Syndrome UI - D054070 MN - C14.907.355.830.925.462 MN - C14.907.952.880 MS - A condition caused by one or more episodes of DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS, usually the blot clots are lodged in the legs. Clinical features include EDEMA; PAIN; aching; heaviness; and MUSCLE CRAMP in the leg. When severe leg swelling leads to skin breakdown, it is called venous STASIS ULCER. HN - 2008 FX - Varicose Ulcer MH - No-Reflow Phenomenon UI - D054318 MN - C14.907.585.500.562 MN - C23.550.513.677 MS - Markedly reduced blood flow or reperfusion into an open artery in an infarct zone. This phenomenon is observed generally, but not exclusively, in a segment of CORONARY CIRCULATION after MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA and is associated with MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION and changes in microvasculature. HN - 2008 MH - Livedo Reticularis UI - D054068 MN - C14.907.617.625 MN - C17.800.862.355 MN - C23.888.885.437 MS - A condition characterized by a reticular or fishnet pattern on the skin of lower extremities and other parts of the body. This red and blue pattern is due to deoxygenated blood in unstable dermal blood vessels. The condition is intensified by cold exposure and relieved by rewarming. HN - 2008; use SKIN DISEASES, VASCULAR 1996-2007 MH - Jacobsen Distal 11q Deletion Syndrome UI - D054868 MN - C15.378.140.855.440 MN - C16.131.260.440 MN - C16.320.180.440 MS - A clinically recognized malformation condition caused by a distal 11q deletion. The features of the syndrome are growth retardation, psychomotor retardation, trigonocephaly, divergent intermittent strabismus, epicanthus, telecanthus, broad nasal bridge, short nose with anteverted nostrils, carp-shaped upper lip, retrognathia, low-set dysmorphic ears, bilateral camptodactyly, and hammertoes. Most patients have a THROMBOCYTOPENIA and platelet dysfunction known also as Paris-Trousseau type thrombocytopenia. HN - 2008 BX - 11q Deletion Disorder BX - Jacobsen Syndrome MH - Thrombocytopenia, Neonatal Alloimmune UI - D054098 MN - C15.378.140.855.850 MN - C16.614.899 MS - A condition in newborns caused by immunity of the mother to PLATELET ALLOANTIGENS on the fetal platelets. The PLATELETS, coated with maternal ANTIBODIES, are destroyed and removed by the fetal RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM. Affected infants may have INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. HN - 2008 BX - Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia BX - Neonatal Thrombocytopenia MH - Myelodysplastic-Myeloproliferative Diseases UI - D054437 MN - C15.378.190.615 MS - Clonal myeloid disorders that possess both dysplastic and proliferative features but are not properly classified as either MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES or MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS. HN - 2008 BX - Myeloproliferative-Myelodisplastic Diseases MH - Trichothiodystrophy Syndromes UI - D054463 MN - C16.131.077.899 MN - C16.131.831.874 MN - C16.320.850.895 MN - C17.800.804.874 MN - C17.800.827.895 MS - Autosomal recessive neuroectodermal disorders characterized by brittle sulfur-deficient hair associated with impaired intellect, decreased fertility, and short stature. It may include nail dystrophy, ICHTHYOSIS, and photosensitivity correlated with a nucleotide excision repair defect. All individuals with this disorder have a deficiency of cysteine-rich KERATIN-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS found in the interfilamentous matrix. Photosensitive trichothiodystrophy can be caused by mutation in at least 2 separate genes: ERCC2/XPD and ERCC3/XPB. Nonphotosensitive trichothiodystrophy is caused by mutation in the TTDN1 gene. HN - 2008 MH - Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome UI - D054877 MN - C16.131.077.944 MN - C16.131.260.985 MN - C16.320.180.985 MS - A syndrome caused by large deletions of the telomereic end of the short arm of CHROMOSOME 4 (4p) in Wolf-Hirchhorn syndrome critial regions (WHSCRs). Several candidate genes have been identified including WHSC1 and WHSCH2 which appear to be responsible for the core phenotype and in combination with other linked and unlinked genes determine the severity and inclusion of rarer phenotypes. Most cases have a characteristic cranio-facial defect often referred to as "Greek helmet face" - a combined result of MICROCEPHALY, broad forehead, prominent glabella, HYPERTELORISM, high arched eyebrows, short philtrum and micrognathia. In addition there is mental retardation, growth delays, EPILEPSY, and frequently a wide range of midline and skeletal defects, including HYPOSPADIAS; CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; CLEFT LIP; CLEFT PALATE; colobomata; CLUBFOOT; clinodactyly; SCOLIOSIS; and KYPHOSIS. HN - 2008 MH - Multiple Acyl Coenzyme A Dehydrogenase Deficiency UI - D054069 MN - C16.320.565.100.614 MN - C18.452.648.100.614 MN - C18.452.660.612 MS - An autosomal recessive disorder of fatty acid oxidation, and branched chain amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BRANCHED-CHAIN); LYSINE; and CHOLINE catabolism, that is due to defects in either subunit of ELECTRON TRANSFER FLAVOPROTEIN or its dehydrogenase, electron transfer flavoprotein-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (EC 1.5.5.1). HN - 2008 MH - Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase Deficiency UI - D054067 MN - C16.320.565.798.183 MN - C18.452.648.798.183 MS - An autosomal recessive disorder affecting DIHYDROPYRIMIDINE DEHYDROGENASE and causing familial pyrimidinemia. It is characterized by thymine-uraciluria in homozygous deficient patients. Even a partial deficiency in the enzyme leaves individuals at risk for developing severe 5-FLUOROURACIL-associated toxicity. HN - 2008 MH - Chloracne UI - D054506 MN - C17.800.030.575 MN - C17.800.271.125.800 MS - ACNE-like skin eruptions caused by exposure to CHLORINE-containing compounds. Exposure can be by inhalation, ingestion, or through the skin. Chloracne is often seen in people who have occupational contact with chlorinated pesticides, wood preservatives, and sealants. HN - 2008 MH - Onycholysis UI - D054039 MN - C17.800.529.478 MS - Separation of nail plate from the underlying nail bed. It can be a sign of skin disease, infection (such as ONYCHOMYCOSIS) or tissue injury. HN - 2008 MH - Hyperphosphatemia UI - D054559 MN - C18.452.750.199 MS - A condition of abnormally high level of PHOSPHATES in the blood, usually significantly above the normal range of 0.84-1.58 mmol per liter of serum. HN - 2008 MH - Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome UI - D054019 MN - C20.608 MS - Exuberant inflammatory response towards previously undiagnosed or incubating opportunistic pathogens. It is frequently seen in AIDS patients following HAART. HN - 2008 BX - Immune Reconstitution Disease BX - Immune Restoration Syndrome MH - Acute Radiation Syndrome UI - D054508 MN - C21.866.733.188 MN - G03.850.810.300.360.158 MS - A condition caused by a brief whole body exposure to more than one sievert dose equivalent of radiation. Acute radiation syndrome is initially characterized by ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; VOMITING; but can progress to hematological, gastrointestinal, neurological, pulmonary, and other major organ dysfunction. HN - 2008 MH - Systolic Murmurs UI - D054160 MN - C23.888.447.500 MS - Heart murmurs which are systolic in timing. They occur between the first and the second HEART SOUNDS, between the closure of MITRAL VALVE and TRICUSPID VALVE and the closure of semilunar aortic and pulmonary valves. Systolic murmurs include ejection murmurs and regurgitant murmurs. AN - do not confuse with HEART SOUNDS, a physiologic concept HN - 2008 MH - Iron Carbonyl Compounds UI - D054354 MN - D01.485.300 MS - Complex of iron atoms chelated with carbonyl ions. HN - 2008(1974); FX - Iron Chelating Agents MH - Pseudoephedrine UI - D054199 MN - D02.033.100.624.853 MN - D02.033.755.624.853 MN - D02.092.063.624.788 MN - D02.092.471.683.847 MS - A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion. HN - 2008(1978) BX - Isoephedrine MH - Acetogenins UI - D054378 MN - D02.033.415.054 MN - D02.455.326.146.049 MN - D02.540.205 MN - D03.383.312.200 MN - D10.289.054 MS - Polyketides of up to a few dozen carbons in length, formed by chain extension of multiple PROPIONATES and oxygenated to form tetrahydrofuran and lactone rings along the length of the chain. They are found in ANNONACEAE and other PLANTS. Related compounds cyclize to MACROLIDES. HN - 2008(2004) BX - Acetogenin Compounds MH - Azabicyclo Compounds UI - D053961 MN - D02.145.074 MN - D04.075.080.875.099 MS - Bicyclic bridged compounds that contain a nitrogen which has three bonds. The nomenclature indicates the number of atoms in each path around the rings, such as [2.2.2] for three equal length paths. Some members are TROPANES and BETA LACTAMS. HN - 2007 MH - Levopropoxyphene UI - D054816 MN - D02.241.081.751.324 HN - 2008; use DEXTROPROPOXYPHENE 1965-2007 MH - Fenamates UI - D054361 MN - D02.241.223.100.054.065.333 MS - Anthranilic acids with a phenyl group on the nitrogen. Members modulate ION CHANNELS and are used as ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS. HN - 2008 MH - Cyclitols UI - D054812 MN - D02.455.426.392.368.138 MS - Cycloalkanes containing three or more hydroxyl groups on the ring atoms. Some polyhydroxypiperidines (PIPERIDINES) are called iminocyclitols or aza-sugars. HN - 2008 MH - Sesterterpenes UI - D054830 MN - D02.455.849.842 MS - Terpenes of five units of HEMITERPENES, formed from geranylfarnesyl pyrophosphate. HN - 2008(1974) MH - Cucurbitacins UI - D054728 MN - D02.455.849.919.138 MS - Triterpenes that derive from LANOSTEROL by a shift of the C19 methyl to the C9 position. They are found in seeds and roots of CUCURBITACEAE and other plants and are noted for intense bitterness. HN - 2008 (1975); use CUCURBITACINS (NM) 1975-1980 MH - Pentacyclic Triterpenes UI - D053978 MN - D02.455.849.919.530 MS - Five-ring derivatives of dammarane having a chair-chair-chair-boat configuration. They include the lupanes, oleananes, amyrins, GLYCYRRHIZIC ACID, and soyasaponins. HN - 2007 MH - Acyl-Butyrolactones UI - D054742 MN - D02.540.232 MS - Cyclic esters of acylated BUTYRIC ACID containing four carbons in the ring. HN - 2008 BX - Acylated Homoserine Lactone MH - Bryostatins UI - D054713 MN - D02.540.505.112 MS - A group of 20-member macrolactones in which there are three remotely substituted pyran rings that are linked by a methylene bridge and an E-disubstituted alkene, and have geminal dimethyls at C8 and C18 carbons. Some interact with PROTEIN KINASE C. HN - 2008 MH - Acridones UI - D054831 MN - D03.132.032 MN - D03.494.046.109 MS - Compounds based on acridone, which have three linear rings, with the center ring containing a ring nitrogen and a keto oxygen opposite to each other. Many of them are naturally occurring alkaloids. HN - 2008 MH - Diketopiperazines UI - D054659 MN - D03.383.606.385 MS - Piperazines with two keto oxygens. HN - 2008(1981) BX - Diketopiperazine Compounds MH - Indolizidines UI - D054836 MN - D03.438.496.500 MS - Saturated indolizines that are fused six and five-membered rings with a nitrogen atom at the ring fusion. They are biosynthesized in PLANTS by cyclization of a LYSINE coupled to ACETYL COENZYME A. Many of them are naturally occurring ALKALOIDS. HN - 2008 MH - Isoindoles UI - D054833 MN - D03.438.513 MS - Benzopyrroles with the nitrogen at the number two carbon, in contrast to INDOLES which have the nitrogen adjacent to the six-membered ring. HN - 2008 MH - Quinolizidines UI - D054837 MN - D03.438.834.737 MS - Saturated quinolizines that are two fused six-membered rings with a nitrogen atom at the ring fusion. They are biosynthesized in PLANTS by cyclization of a LYSINE coupled to CADAVERINE. Many of them are naturally occurring ALKALOIDS. HN - 2008 MH - Alpha-Amanitin UI - D053959 MN - D04.345.566.050.111 MN - D12.644.456.050.111 MN - D12.644.641.050.111 MN - D23.946.587.175.111 MS - A cyclic octapeptide with a thioether bridge between the cystine and tryptophan. It inhibits RNA POLYMERASE II. Poisoning may require LIVER TRANSPLANTATION. HN - 2008; use AMANITINS 1980-2007 FX - Mushroom Poisoning MH - Withanolides UI - D054358 MN - D04.808.247.222.537.888 MN - D04.808.247.808.756.287.888 MS - Ergostane derivatives of 28 carbons with oxygens at C1, C22, and C26 positions and the side chain cyclized. They are found in WITHANIA plant genus and have cytotoxic and other effects. HN - 2008 MH - Fatty Acid Synthetase Complex, Type II UI - D054889 MN - D05.500.562.437.500 MN - D08.811.600.317.500 MS - The form of fatty acid synthase complex found in BACTERIA; FUNGI and PLANTS. Catalytic steps are like the animal form but the protein structure is different with dissociated enzymes encoded by separate genes. It is a target of some ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS which result in disruption of the CELL MEMBRANE and CELL WALL. HN - 2008 BX - Fatty Acid Synthase II MH - Polyhydroxyalkanoates UI - D054813 MN - D05.750.078.789 MN - D05.750.728.890 MN - D10.751 MS - Fatty acid biopolymers that are biosynthesized by microbial polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase enzymes. They are being investigated for use as biodegradable polyesters. HN - 2008 MH - Anti-Mullerian Hormone UI - D054304 MN - D06.472.334.984.500 MS - A glycoprotein that causes regression of MULLERIAN DUCTS. It is produced by SERTOLI CELLS of the TESTES. In the absence of this hormone, the Mullerian ducts develop into structures of the female reproductive tract. In males, defects of this hormone result in persistent Mullerian duct, a form of MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM. HN - 2008 (1975); for MULLERIAN-INHIBITING HORMONE use ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE (NM) 1975-2007 BX - Mullerian-Inhibiting Hormone MH - Adipokines UI - D054392 MN - D06.472.699.042 MN - D12.644.276.024 MN - D12.644.548.011 MN - D12.776.467.024 MN - D23.529.024 MS - Polypeptides produced by the ADIPOCYTES. They include LEPTIN; ADIPONECTIN; RESISTIN; and many cytokines of the immune system, such as TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA; INTERLEUKIN-6; and COMPLEMENT FACTOR D (also known as ADIPSIN). They have potent autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine functions. HN - 2008 MH - Ghrelin UI - D054439 MN - D06.472.699.301 MN - D12.644.548.322 MS - A 28-amino acid, acylated, orexigenic peptide that is a ligand for GROWTH HORMONE SECRETAGOGUE RECEPTORS. Ghrelin is widely expressed but primarily in the stomach in the adults. Ghrelin acts centrally to stimulate growth hormone secretion and food intake, and peripherally to regulate energy homeostasis. Its large precursor protein, known as appetite-regulating hormone or motilin-related peptide, contains ghrelin and obestatin. HN - 2008 (2000) MH - Urocortins UI - D054832 MN - D06.472.699.857 MN - D12.644.400.837 MN - D12.644.548.887 MS - Neuropeptides of about 40 amino acids which are structurally similar to CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR. Unlike CRF acting primarily through type 1 CRF RECEPTORS, urocortins signal preferentially through type 2 CRF receptors. Urocortins have wide tissue distribution from fish to mammals, and diverse functions. In mammals, urocortins can suppress food intake, delays gastric emptying, and decreases heat-induced edema. HN - 2008 (1995) BX - Urocortin MH - Phospholipases A1 UI - D054466 MN - D08.811.277.352.100.680.750.875 MS - A phospholipase that hydrolyzes the acyl group attached to the 1-position of PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES. HN - 2008; use PHOSPHOLIPASES A 1980-2007 BX - Lecithinase A1 MH - Phospholipases A2 UI - D054467 MN - D08.811.277.352.100.680.750.937 MS - Phospholipases that hydrolyze the acyl group attached to the 2-position of GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS. AN - general; prefer specifics HN - 2008; use PHOSPHOLIPASES A 1980-2007 BX - Lecithinase A2 MH - Phospholipases A2, Calcium-Independent UI - D054512 MN - D08.811.277.352.100.680.750.937.300 MS - A subcategory of structurally-related phospholipases A2 that do not require calcium for activity. HN - 2008 MH - Group VI Phospholipases A2 UI - D054522 MN - D08.811.277.352.100.680.750.937.300.249 MS - A calcium-independent phospholipase A2 group that may play a role in membrane phospholipid remodeling and homeostasis by controling the levels of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE in mammalian cell membranes. HN - 2008(1997) BX - Phospholipases A2, Group VI MH - Peroxiredoxin VI UI - D054465 MN - D08.811.277.352.100.680.750.937.300.500 MN - D08.811.277.352.100.680.750.937.625.624 MN - D08.811.682.732.850.500 MS - A peroxiredoxin that is a cytosolic bifunctional enzyme. It functions as a peroxiredoxin via a single redox-active cysteine and also contains a Ca2+-independent acidic phospholipase A2 activity. HN - 2008 MH - Phospholipases A2, Cytosolic UI - D054510 MN - D08.811.277.352.100.680.750.937.625 MS - A subcategory of phospholipases A2 that occur in the CYTOSOL. HN - 2008 MH - Group IV Phospholipases A2 UI - D054513 MN - D08.811.277.352.100.680.750.937.625.249 MS - A cytosolic phospholipase A2 group that plays an important role in the release of free ARACHIDONIC ACID, which in turn is metabolized to PROSTAGLANDINS by the CYCLOOXYGENASE pathway and to LEUKOTRIENES by the 5-LIPOXYGENASE pathway. HN - 2008(1997) BX - Phospholipases A2, Group IV MH - Phospholipases A2, Secretory UI - D054497 MN - D08.811.277.352.100.680.750.937.750 MS - A subcategory of phospholipases A2 that are secreted from cells. They are 14 kDa proteins containing multiple disulfide-bonds and access their substrate via an interfacial binding site that interacts with phospholipid membranes. In addition specific PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 RECEPTORS can bind to and internalize the enzymes. AN - general; prefer specifics HN - 2008 MH - Group I Phospholipases A2 UI - D054498 MN - D08.811.277.352.100.680.750.937.750.100 MS - A subcategory of secreted phospholipases A2 that includes enzymes isolated from ELAPID VENOMS and pancreatic sources. The creation of this group is based upon similarities in the structural determinants of the enzymes. HN - 2008 BX - Phospholipases A2, Group I MH - Group IA Phospholipases A2 UI - D054499 MN - D08.811.277.352.100.680.750.937.750.100.500 MS - A subclass of group I phospholipases A2 that includes enzymes isolated from ELAPID VENOMS. HN - 2008 BX - Phospholipases A2, Group IA MH - Group IB Phospholipases A2 UI - D054500 MN - D08.811.277.352.100.680.750.937.750.100.750 MS - A subclass of group I phospholipases A2 that includes enzymes isolated from PANCREATIC JUICE. Members of this group have specificity for PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 RECEPTORS. HN - 2008(2002) BX - Phospholipases A2, Group IB MH - Group II Phospholipases A2 UI - D054501 MN - D08.811.277.352.100.680.750.937.750.550 MS - A subcategory of secreted phospholipases A2 that includes enzymes isolated from a variety of sources. The creation of this group is based upon similarities in the structural determinants of the enzymes including a negatively charged carboxy-terminal segment. HN - 2008(1994) BX - Phospholipases A2, Group II MH - Group III Phospholipases A2 UI - D054520 MN - D08.811.277.352.100.680.750.937.750.662 MS - A subcategory of secreted phospholipases A2 with specificity for PHOSPHOTIDYLETHANOLAMINE and PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE. It occurs as a component of VENOMS and as a mammalian secretory phospholipase A2. The creation of this group is based upon similarities in the structural determinants of the enzymes including a long amino-terminal domain, a conserved group III-specific domain and a long carboxyl-terminal domain. HN - 2008 BX - Phospholipases A2, Group III MH - Group V Phospholipases A2 UI - D054505 MN - D08.811.277.352.100.680.750.937.750.775 MS - A subcategory of secreted phospholipases A2 that contains both a negatively charged carboxy-terminal segment and interfacial-binding region specific for PHOSPHATIDYL CHOLINE-containing membranes. This enzyme group may play a role in the release of ARACHIDONIC ACID from PHOSPHOLIPID membranes. HN - 2008(2001) BX - Phospholipases A2, Group V MH - Group X Phospholipases A2 UI - D054509 MN - D08.811.277.352.100.680.750.937.750.887 MS - A secreted phospholipase A2 subtype that contains a interfacial-binding region with specificity for PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE. This enzyme group may play a role in eliciting ARACHIDONIC ACID release from intact cellular membranes and from LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. Members of this group bind specifically to PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 RECEPTORS. HN - 2008(2002) BX - Phospholipases A2, Group X MH - Ribonuclease H, Human Immunodeficiency Virus UI - D054309 MN - D08.811.277.352.355.350.700.500 MN - D08.811.277.352.700.350.700.500 MN - D12.776.964.775.375.545.875.500 MN - D12.776.964.775.562.875.875.500 MN - D12.776.964.970.600.850.375.545.875.500 MN - D12.776.964.970.600.850.375.750.187.500 MS - A ribonuclease activity that is a component of the HIV REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE. It removes the RNA strand of the RNA-DNA heteroduplex produced by reverse transcription. Once the RNA moiety is removed a double stranded DNA copy of the HIV RNA can be synthesized. HN - 2008 MH - Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 1 UI - D054677 MN - D08.811.277.352.640.150.100 MN - D08.811.277.352.640.155.100 MN - D12.644.360.008.100 MN - D12.644.360.009.100 MN - D12.776.476.008.100 MN - D12.776.476.009.100 MS - A CALCIUM and CALMODULIN-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase subfamily. The three members of this family are referred to as type 1A, type 1B, and type 1C and are each product of a distinct gene. In addition, multiple enzyme variants of each subtype can be produced due to multiple alternative mRNA splicing. Although the type 1 enzymes are classified as 3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterases (EC 3.1.4.17), some members of this class have additional specificity for CYCLIC-GMP. HN - 2008(1981) for CA++ CALMODULIN DEPENDENT CYCLIC AMP PHOSPHODIESTERASE use 3',5'-CYCLIC-NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHODIESTERASE 1986-2007, for CALMODULIN PHOSPHODIESTERASE use 3',5'-CYCLIC-NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHODIESTERASE 1981-2007, for CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PHOSPHODIESTERASE use 3',5'-CYCLIC-NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHODIESTERASE 1984-2007 BX - Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type I MH - Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 2 UI - D054678 MN - D08.811.277.352.640.150.200 MN - D08.811.277.352.640.155.200 MN - D12.644.360.008.200 MN - D12.644.360.009.200 MN - D12.776.476.008.200 MN - D12.776.476.009.200 MS - A cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase subfamily that is activated by the binding of CYCLIC GMP to an allosteric domain found on the enzyme. Multiple enzyme variants of this subtype can be produced due to multiple alternative mRNA splicing. The subfamily is expressed in a broad variety of tissues and may play a role in mediating cross-talk between CYCLIC GMP and CYCLIC CMP pathways. Although the type 2 enzymes are classified as 3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterases (EC 3.1.4.17), members of this class have additional specificity for CYCLIC-GMP. HN - 2008(2000) MH - Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 3 UI - D054684 MN - D08.811.277.352.640.150.300 MN - D12.644.360.008.300 MN - D12.776.476.008.300 MS - A cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase subfamily that is inhibited by the binding of CYCLIC GMP to an allosteric domain found on the enzyme and through phosphorylation by regulatory kinases such as PROTEIN KINASE A and PROTEIN KINASE B. The two members of this family are referred to as type 3A, and type 3B, and are each product of a distinct gene. In addition multiple enzyme variants of each subtype can be produced due to multiple alternative mRNA splicing. HN - 2008(1995) MH - Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4 UI - D054703 MN - D08.811.277.352.640.150.400 MN - D12.644.360.008.400 MN - D12.776.476.008.400 MS - A cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase subfamily that is found predominantly in inflammatory cells and may play role in regulation of CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY. The enzyme family includes over twenty different variants that occur due to multiple alternative splicing of the mRNA of at least four different genes. HN - 2008(1981) MH - Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 5 UI - D054706 MN - D08.811.277.352.640.150.500 MN - D08.811.277.352.640.155.500 MN - D12.644.360.008.500 MN - D12.644.360.009.500 MN - D12.776.476.008.500 MN - D12.776.476.009.500 MS - A cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase subfamily that is highly specific for CYCLIC GMP. It is found predominantly in vascular tissue and plays an important role in regulating VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE contraction. HN - 2008(1998) MH - Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 6 UI - D054707 MN - D08.811.277.352.640.150.600 MN - D08.811.277.352.640.155.750 MN - D12.644.360.008.600 MN - D12.644.360.009.750 MN - D12.776.476.008.600 MN - D12.776.476.009.750 MS - A cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase subfamily that is highly specific for CYCLIC GMP. It is found predominantly in the outer segments PHOTORECEPTORS of the RETINA. It is comprised of two catalytic subunits, referred to as alpha and beta, that form a dimer. In addition two regulatory subunits, referred to as gamma and delta, modulate the activity and localization of the enzyme. HN - 2008(2001) MH - Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 7 UI - D054708 MN - D08.811.277.352.640.150.700 MN - D12.644.360.008.700 MN - D12.776.476.008.700 MS - A cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase subfamily that is highly specific for CYCLIC AMP. Several isoforms of the enzyme type exist, each with its own tissue localization. The isoforms are encoded by at least two genes and are a product of multiple alternative splicing of their mRNAs. HN - 2008(1998) MH - Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Diacylglycerol-Lyase UI - D054800 MN - D08.811.277.352.640.700.700.249 MS - A type C phospholipase specific for GLYCOSYLPHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOLS. It plays a role in the breaking of GPI MEMBRANE ANCHORS. HN - 2008(2005); for GLYCOSYLPHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL-SPECIFIC PHOSPHOLIPASE C use PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL DIACYLGLYCEROL-LYASE 2005-2007 MH - Phosphoinositide Phospholipase C UI - D054801 MN - D08.811.277.352.640.700.700.562 MN - D12.644.360.571 MN - D12.776.476.556 MS - A type C phospholipase with specificity towards PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOLS that contain INOSITOL 1,4,5-TRISPHOSPHATE. Many of the enzymes listed under this classification are involved in intracellular signaling. HN - 2008(2005); for PHOSPHOINOSITIDE PHOSPHOLIPASE C use PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL DIACYLGLYCEROL-LYASE 2005-2007 MH - Phospholipase C beta UI - D054799 MN - D08.811.277.352.640.700.700.562.500 MN - D12.644.360.571.500 MN - D12.776.476.556.500 MS - A phosphoinositide phospholipase C subtype that is primarily regulated by its association with HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEINS. It is structurally related to PHOSPHOLIPASE C DELTA with the addition of C-terminal extension of 400 residues. HN - 2008(1994) MH - Phospholipase C delta UI - D054803 MN - D08.811.277.352.640.700.700.562.625 MN - D12.644.360.571.625 MN - D12.776.476.556.625 MS - A phosphoinositide phospholipase C subtype that is structurally defined by the presence of an N-terminal pleckstrin-homology and EF-hand domains, a central catalytic domain, and a C-terminal calcium-dependent membrane-binding domain. HN - 2008(1978); use PHOSPHOINOSITIDES 1978-1979 MH - Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphatases UI - D054639 MN - D08.811.277.352.650.587 MN - D12.644.360.445 MN - D12.776.476.445 MS - A subcategory of phosphohydrolases that are specific for MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES. They play a role in the inactivation of the MAP KINASE SIGNALING SYSTEM. HN - 2008 MH - Dual Specificity Phosphatase 1 UI - D054638 MN - D08.811.277.352.650.587.200 MN - D08.811.277.352.650.625.225.200 MN - D08.811.277.352.650.775.250.200 MN - D12.644.360.268.200 MN - D12.644.360.445.100 MN - D12.776.476.268.200 MN - D12.776.476.445.200 MS - A dual specificity phosphatase subtype that plays a role in intracellular signal transduction by inactivating MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES. It has specificity for P38 MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES and JNK MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES. HN - 2008(1992) MH - Dual Specificity Phosphatase 2 UI - D054641 MN - D08.811.277.352.650.587.250 MN - D08.811.277.352.650.625.225.250 MN - D08.811.277.352.650.775.250.250 MN - D12.644.360.268.250 MN - D12.644.360.445.250 MN - D12.776.476.268.250 MN - D12.776.476.445.250 MS - A dual specificity phosphatase subtype that plays a role in intracellular signal transduction by inactivating MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES. It has specificity for EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED MAP KINASES and is primarily localized to the CELL NUCLEUS. HN - 2008(1994) MH - Dual Specificity Phosphatase 3 UI - D054640 MN - D08.811.277.352.650.587.300 MN - D08.811.277.352.650.625.225.300 MN - D08.811.277.352.650.775.250.300 MN - D12.644.360.268.300 MN - D12.644.360.445.300 MN - D12.776.476.268.300 MN - D12.776.476.445.300 MS - A dual specificity phosphatase subtype that plays a role in intracellular signal transduction by inactivating MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES. It has specificity for EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED MAP KINASES. HN - 2008(1994) MH - Dual Specificity Phosphatase 6 UI - D054642 MN - D08.811.277.352.650.587.600 MN - D08.811.277.352.650.625.225.600 MN - D08.811.277.352.650.775.250.600 MN - D12.644.360.268.600 MN - D12.644.360.445.600 MN - D12.776.476.268.600 MN - D12.776.476.445.600 MS - A dual specificity phosphatase subtype that plays a role in intracellular signal transduction by inactivating MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES. It has specificity for EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED MAP KINASES and is primarily localized to the CYTOSOL. HN - 2008(1996) MH - Dual-Specificity Phosphatases UI - D054637 MN - D08.811.277.352.650.625.225 MN - D08.811.277.352.650.775.250 MN - D12.644.360.268 MN - D12.776.476.268 MS - A sub-class of protein tyrosine phosphatases that contain an additional phosphatase activity which cleaves phosphate ester bonds on SERINE or THREONINE residues that are located on the same protein. HN - 2008 MH - Protein Phosphatase 1 UI - D054645 MN - D08.811.277.352.650.625.687 MS - A eukayrotic protein serine-threonine phosphatase subtype that dephosphorylates a wide variety of cellular proteins. The enzyme is comprised of a catalytic subunit and regulatory subunit. Several isoforms of the protein phosphatase catalytic subunit exist due to the presence of multiple genes and the alternative splicing of their mRNAs. A large number of proteins have been shown to act as regulatory subunits for this enzyme. Many of the regulatory subunits have additional cellular functions. HN - 2008(1983); for PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE-1 use PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES 1984-2007 MH - Protein Phosphatase 2 UI - D054648 MN - D08.811.277.352.650.625.706 MN - D12.644.360.583 MN - D12.776.476.561 MS - A phosphoprotein phosphatase subtype that is comprised of a catalytic subunit and two different regulatory subunits. At least two genes encode isoforms of the protein phosphatase catalytic subunit, while several isoforms of regulatory subunits exist due to the presence of multiple genes and the alternative splicing of their mRNAs. Protein phosphatase 2 acts on a broad variety of cellular proteins and may play a role as a regulator of intracellular signaling processes. HN - 2008(1985); for PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE-2A use PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 1 1985-2007 MH - Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Non-Receptor UI - D054558 MN - D08.811.277.352.650.775.300 MN - D12.644.360.585 MN - D12.776.476.564 MS - A subcategory of protein tyrosine phosphatases that occur in the CYTOPLASM. Many of the proteins in this category play a role in intracellular signal transduction. HN - 2008 MH - Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1 UI - D054562 MN - D08.811.277.352.650.775.300.100 MN - D12.644.360.585.100 MN - D12.776.476.564.100 MS - A subtype of non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases that includes two distinctive targeting motifs; an N-terminal motif specific for the INSULIN RECEPTOR, and a C-terminal motif specific for the SH3 domain containing proteins. This subtype includes a hydrophobic domain which localizes it to the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. HN - 2008 MH - Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 2 UI - D054578 MN - D08.811.277.352.650.775.300.200 MN - D12.644.360.585.200 MN - D12.776.476.564.200 MS - A subtype of non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase that is closely-related to PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE, NON-RECEPTOR TYPE 1. Alternative splicing of the mRNA for this phosphatase results in the production at two gene products, one of which includes a C-terminal nuclear localization domain that may be involved in the transport of the protein to the CELL NUCLEUS. Although initially referred to as T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase the expression of this subtype occurs widely. HN - 2008(1994) MH - Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 3 UI - D054589 MN - D08.811.277.352.650.775.300.300 MN - D12.644.360.585.300 MN - D12.776.476.564.300 MS - A subtype of non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases that is characterized by the presence of an amino-terminal FERM domain, an intervening region containing one or more PDZ domains, and a carboxyl-terminal phosphatase domain. Expression of this phosphatase subtype has been observed in BONE MARROW; fetal LIVER; LYMPH NODES; and T LYMPHOCYTES. HN - 2008(2000) MH - Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 4 UI - D054590 MN - D08.811.277.352.650.775.300.400 MN - D12.644.360.585.400 MN - D12.776.476.564.400 MS - A subtype of non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases that is characterized by the presence of an amino-terminal FERM domain, an intervening region containing one or more PDZ domains, and a carboxyl-terminal phosphatase domain. The subtype was originally identified in a cell line derived from MEGAKARYOCYTES. HN - 2008(1997) MH - Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11 UI - D054592 MN - D08.811.277.352.650.775.300.800 MN - D08.811.277.352.650.775.700.800 MN - D12.644.360.585.800 MN - D12.776.476.564.800 MN - D12.776.476.800.800 MS - A subtype of non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases that contain two SRC HOMOLOGY DOMAINS. Mutations in the gene for protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 11 are associated with NOONAN SYNDROME. HN - 2008(2001) MH - Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 12 UI - D054594 MN - D08.811.277.352.650.775.300.850 MN - D12.644.360.585.850 MN - D12.776.476.564.850 MS - A subtype of non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases that is characterized by the presence of a N-terminal catalytic domain and a large C-terminal domain that is enriched in PROLINE, GLUTAMIC ACID, SERINE, and THREONINE residues (PEST sequences). The phosphatase subtype is ubiquitously expressed and implicated in the regulation of a variety of biological processes such as CELL MOVEMENT; CYTOKINESIS; focal adhesion disassembly; and LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION. HN - 2008(1994) MH - Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 13 UI - D054595 MN - D08.811.277.352.650.775.300.860 MN - D12.644.360.585.860 MN - D12.776.476.564.860 MS - A subtype of non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases that is characterized by the presence of an amino-terminal FERM domain, an intervening region containing five different PDZ domains, and a carboxyl-terminal phosphatase domain. In addition to playing a role as a regulator of the FAS RECEPTOR activity this subtype interacts via its PDZ and FERM domains with a variety of INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PROTEINS and CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS. HN - 2008(2001) MH - Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 22 UI - D054596 MN - D08.811.277.352.650.775.300.930 MN - D12.644.360.585.930 MN - D12.776.476.564.930 MS - A subtype of non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases that is characterized by the presence of an N-terminal catalytic domain and a C-terminal PROLINE-rich domain. The phosphatase subtype is predominantly expressed in LYMPHOCYTES and plays a key role in the inhibition of downstream T-LYMPHOCYTE activation. Polymorphisms in the gene that encodes this phosphatase subtype are associated with a variety of AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES. HN - 2008(1999) MH - Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases UI - D054557 MN - D08.811.277.352.650.775.400 MN - D12.644.360.587 MN - D12.776.476.592 MN - D12.776.543.733 MS - A subcategory of protein tyrosine phosphatases that are bound to the cell membrane. They contain cytoplasmic tyrosine phosphatase domains and extracellular protein domains that may play a role in cell-cell interactions by interacting with EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX components. They are considered receptor-like proteins in that they appear to lack specific ligands. HN - 2008 MH - Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 1 UI - D054622 MN - D08.811.277.352.650.775.400.100 MN - D12.644.360.587.100 MN - D12.776.476.592.100 MN - D12.776.543.733.937 MS - A subclass of receptor-like protein tryosine phosphatases that contain heavily glycosylated and cysteine-rich extracellular regions that include fibronectin type III-like domains. HN - 2008 BX - Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 6 MH - Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 2 UI - D054623 MN - D08.811.277.352.650.775.400.200 MN - D12.644.360.587.200 MN - D12.776.476.592.200 MS - A subclass of receptor-like protein tryosine phosphatases that contain multiple extracellular immunoglobulin G-like domains and fibronectin type III-like domains. An additional memprin-A5-mu domain is found on some members of this subclass. HN - 2008(2000) BX - Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Receptor Type D BX - Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Receptor Type F BX - Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Receptor Type K BX - Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Receptor Type M BX - Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Receptor Type S BX - Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Receptor Type T BX - Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Receptor Type U BX - Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 2A BX - Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 2B MH - Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 3 UI - D054631 MN - D08.811.277.352.650.775.400.300 MN - D12.644.360.587.300 MN - D12.776.476.592.300 MS - A subclass of receptor-like protein tryosine phosphatases that contain a single cytosolic protein tyrosine phosphate domain and multiple extracellular fibronectin III-like domains. HN - 2008(2002) BX - Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Receptor Type B BX - Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Receptor Type H BX - Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Receptor Type J BX - Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Receptor Type O BX - Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Receptor Type Q BX - Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Receptor Type V MH - Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 4 UI - D054630 MN - D08.811.277.352.650.775.400.400 MN - D12.644.360.587.400 MN - D12.776.476.592.400 MS - A subclass of receptor-like protein tryosine phosphatases that contain short highly glycosylated extracellular domains and two active cytosolic protein tyrosine phosphatase domains. HN - 2008(1991) BX - Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Receptor Type A BX - Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Receptor Type E MH - Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 5 UI - D054633 MN - D08.811.277.352.650.775.400.500 MN - D12.644.360.587.500 MN - D12.776.476.592.500 MS - A subclass of receptor-like protein tryosine phosphatases that contain an extracellular fibronectin III-like domain along with a carbonic anhydrase-like domain. HN - 2008(1993) BX - Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Receptor Type G BX - Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Receptor Type Z MH - Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 7 UI - D054634 MN - D08.811.277.352.650.775.400.700 MN - D12.644.360.587.700 MN - D12.776.476.592.700 MS - A subclass of receptor-like protein tryosine phosphatases that contain a short extracellular domain, a cytosolic kinase-interaction domain, and single protein tyrosine kinase domain. HN - 2008 BX - Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Receptor Type R MH - Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 8 UI - D054635 MN - D08.811.277.352.650.775.400.800 MN - D12.644.360.587.800 MN - D12.776.476.592.800 MS - A subclass of receptor-like protein tryosine phosphatases that contain an extracellular RDGS-adhesion recognition motif and a single cytosolic protein tyrosine phosphate domain. HN - 2008(1994) BX - Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Receptor Type N MH - SH2 Domain-Containing Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases UI - D054593 MN - D08.811.277.352.650.775.700 MN - D12.644.360.800 MN - D12.776.476.800 MS - A subcategory of protein tyrosine phosphatases that contain SH2 type SRC HOMOLOGY DOMAINS. Many of the proteins in this class are recruited to specific cellular targets such as a cell surface receptor complexes via their SH2 domain. HN - 2008(2001) FX - src Homology Domains MH - Ribosome Inactivating Proteins UI - D054788 MN - D08.811.277.450.430.700 MN - D12.776.765.710 MS - N-Glycosidases that remove adenines from RIBOSOMAL RNA, depurinating the conserved alpha-sarcin loop of 28S RIBOSOMAL RNA. They often consist of a toxic A subunit and a binding lectin B subunit. They may be considered as PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS. They are found in many PLANTS and have cytotoxic and antiviral activity. HN - 2008(1988) BX - RNA N-Glycosidase MH - Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1 UI - D054789 MN - D08.811.277.450.430.700.500 MN - D12.776.765.710.500 MS - Ribosome inactivating proteins consisting of only the toxic A subunit, which is a polypeptide of around 30 kDa. HN - 2008 MH - Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 2 UI - D054790 MN - D08.811.277.450.430.700.750 MN - D12.776.765.678.906 MN - D12.776.765.710.750 MS - Ribosome inactivating proteins consisting of two polypeptide chains, the toxic A subunit and a lectin B subunit, linked by disulfide bridges. The lectin portion binds to cell surfaces and facilitates transport into the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. HN - 2008 MH - Hexosaminidase A UI - D054818 MN - D08.811.277.450.483.180.750 MS - A mammalian beta-hexosaminidase isoform that is a heteromeric protein comprized of both hexosaminidase alpha and hexosaminidase beta subunits. Deficiency of hexosaminidase A due to mutations in the gene encoding the hexosaminidase alpha subunit is a case of TAY-SACHS DISEASE. Deficiency of hexosaminidase A and HEXOSAMINIDASE B due to mutations in the gene encoding the hexosaminidase beta subunit is a case of SANDHOFF DISEASE. AN - for deficiency consider: SANDOFF DISEASE or TAY-SACHS DISEASE HN - 2008(1987); for HEXOSAMINIDASE A use BETA-N-ACETYLHEXOSAMINIDASE 1987-2007 BX - Hex A FX - Sandhoff Disease FX - Tay-Sachs Disease MH - beta-Hexosaminidase alpha Chain UI - D054820 MN - D08.811.277.450.483.180.750.500 MS - The alpha subunit of hexosaminidase A. Mutations in the gene that encodes this protein can result in loss of hexosaminidase A activity and are linked to TAY-SACHS DISEASE. HN - 2008 MH - beta-Hexosaminidase beta Chain UI - D054821 MN - D08.811.277.450.483.180.750.750 MN - D08.811.277.450.483.180.875.500 MS - The beta subunit of hexosaminidase A and hexosamininidase B. Mutations in the gene that encodes this protein are linked to SANDHOFF DISEASE and can result in loss of both hexosaminidase A activity and hexosaminidase B activity. HN - 2008 MH - Hexosaminidase B UI - D054819 MN - D08.811.277.450.483.180.875 MS - A mammalian beta-hexosaminidase isoform that is comprized of hexosaminidase beta subunits. Deficiency of hexosaminidase B due to mutations in the gene encoding the hexosaminidase beta subunit is a case of SANDHOFF DISEASE. HN - 2008; use BETA-N-ACETYLHEXOSAMINIDASES 1987-2007 BX - Hex B MH - Fatty Acid Synthetase Complex, Type I UI - D054890 MN - D08.811.600.317.249 MS - Animal form of fatty acid synthase which is encoded by a single gene and consists of seven catalytic domains and is functional as a homodimer. It is overexpressed in some NEOPLASMS and is a target in humans of some ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS and some ANTI-OBESITY AGENTS. HN - 2008 MH - Glutaredoxins UI - D054477 MN - D08.811.682.667.084 MS - A family of thioltransferases that contain two active site CYSTEINE residues, which either form a disulfide (oxidized form) or a dithiol (reduced form). They function as an electron carrier in the GLUTHIONE-dependent synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides by RIBONUCLEOTIDE REDUCTASES and may play a role in the deglutathionylation of protein thiols. The oxidized forms of glutaredoxins are directly reduced by the GLUTATHIONE. HN - 2008(1980); use PROTEINS 1979 BX - Glutaredoxin MH - Thioredoxin Reductase 1 UI - D054481 MN - D08.811.682.667.750.500 MS - A subtype of thioredoxin reductase found primarily in the CYTOSOL. HN - 2008(2000) MH - Thioredoxin Reductase 2 UI - D054482 MN - D08.811.682.667.750.750 MS - A subtype of thioredoxin reductase found primarily in MITOCHONDRIA. HN - 2008(2003) MH - Peroxiredoxins UI - D054464 MN - D08.811.682.732.850 MS - A family of ubiquitously-expressed peroxidases that play a role in the reduction of a broad spectrum of PEROXIDES like HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; LIPID PEROXIDES and peroxinitrite. They are found in a wide range of organisms, such as BACTERIA; PLANTS; and MAMMALS. The enzyme requires the presence of a thiol-containing intermediate such as THIOREDOXIN as a reducing cofactor. HN - 2008(1988) BX - Peroxiredoxin MH - Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase UI - D054409 MN - D08.811.913.400.725.575 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) from nicotinamide and 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate, the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of the NAD coenzyme. It is also known as a growth factor for early B-LYMPHOCYTES, or an ADIPOKINE with insulin-mimetic effects (visfatin). HN - 2008 (1982) BX - Pre-B-Cell Colony-Enhancing Factor BX - Visfatin MH - HIV Reverse Transcriptase UI - D054303 MN - D08.811.913.696.445.308.300.750.187 MN - D12.776.964.775.375.545.875 MN - D12.776.964.775.375.750.187 MN - D12.776.964.775.562.875.875 MN - D12.776.964.970.600.850.375.545.875 MN - D12.776.964.970.600.850.375.750.187 MS - A reverse transcriptase encoded by the POL GENE of HIV. It is a heterodimer of 66 kDa and 51 kDa subunits that are derived from a common precursor protein. The heterodimer also includes an RNAse H activity (RIBONUCLEASE H, HUMAN IMMUNODEFIENCY VIRUS) that plays an essential role the viral replication process. HN - 2008 MH - Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Kinase UI - D054737 MN - D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.125.049 MN - D12.644.360.100.049 MN - D12.776.476.100.049 MS - A regulatory calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase that specifically phosphorylates CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE TYPE 1; CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE TYPE 2; CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE TYPE 4; and PROTEIN KINASE B. It is a monomeric enzyme that is encoded by at least two different genes. HN - 2008(1995) BX - Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Kinase Kinase MH - Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 1 UI - D054729 MN - D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.125.100 MN - D12.644.360.100.100 MN - D12.776.476.100.100 MS - A monomeric calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subtype that is expressed in a broad variety of mammalian cell types. Its expression is regulated by the action of CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE KINASE. Several isoforms of this enzyme subtype are encoded by distinct genes. HN - 2008(1994) MH - Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2 UI - D054732 MN - D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.125.200 MN - D12.644.360.100.200 MN - D12.776.476.100.200 MS - A multifunctional calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subtype that occurs as an oligomeric protein comprised of twelve subunits. It differs from other enzyme subtypes in that it lacks a phosphorylatable activation domain that can respond to CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE KINASE. HN - 2008(1993) MH - Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 4 UI - D054734 MN - D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.125.350 MN - D12.644.360.100.350 MN - D12.776.476.100.350 MS - A monomeric calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subtype that is primarily expressed in NEURONAL TISSUES; T-LYMPHOCYTES and TESTIS. The activity of this enzyme is regulated by its phosphorylation by CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE KINASE. HN - 2008(1991) BX - Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase IV MH - Elongation Factor 2 Kinase UI - D054736 MN - D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.125.425 MN - D12.644.360.100.425 MN - D12.776.476.100.425 MS - A monomeric calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subtype that specifically phosphorylates PEPTIDE ELONGATION FACTOR 2. The enzyme lacks a phosphorylatable activation domain that can respond to CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE KINASE, however it is regulated by phosphorylation by PROTEIN KINASE A and through intramolecular autophosphorylation. HN - 2008(1987) BX - Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 3 BX - Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase III MH - Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type I UI - D054743 MN - D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.150.125.750 MN - D12.644.360.200.125.750 MN - D12.776.476.200.125.750 MS - A cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase subtype primarily found in the CYTOPLASM. They are tetrameric proteins that contain two catalytic subunits and two type I-specific regulatory subunits. HN - 2008 BX - Protein Kinase A, Type I BX - Protein Kinase Type I, Cyclic AMP-Dependent MH - Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Catalytic Subunits UI - D054751 MN - D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.150.125.750.500 MN - D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.150.125.875.500 MN - D12.644.360.200.125.750.500 MN - D12.644.360.200.125.875.500 MN - D12.776.476.200.125.750.500 MN - D12.776.476.200.125.875.500 MS - Specific enzyme subunits that form the active sites of the type I and type II cyclic-AMP protein kinases. Each molecule of enzyme contains two catalytic subunits. HN - 2008 BX - Protein Kinase A, Catalytic Subunits MH - Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase RIalpha Subunit UI - D054756 MN - D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.150.125.750.625 MN - D12.644.360.200.125.750.625 MN - D12.776.476.200.125.750.124 MS - A type I cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulatory subunit that plays a role in confering CYCLIC-AMP activation of protein kinase activity. It has a lower affinity for cAMP than the CYCLIC-AMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE RIBETA SUBUNIT. HN - 2008(1998) BX - Protein Kinase A, RIalpha Subunit MH - Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase RIbeta Subunit UI - D054753 MN - D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.150.125.750.750 MN - D12.644.360.200.125.750.750 MN - D12.776.476.200.125.750.249 MS - A type I cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulatory subunit that plays a role in confering CYCLIC-AMP activation of protein kinase activity. It is found abundantly expressed in the neuronal tissue and may be associated with hippocampal function. HN - 2008(1998) BX - Protein Kinase A, RIbeta Subunit MH - Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type II UI - D054746 MN - D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.150.125.875 MN - D12.644.360.200.125.875 MN - D12.776.476.200.125.875 MS - A cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase subtype primarily found in particulate subcellular fractions. They are tetrameric proteins that contain two catalytic subunits and two type II-specific regulatory subunits. HN - 2008(2007) BX - Protein Kinase A, Type II BX - Protein Kinase Type II, Cyclic AMP-Dependent MH - Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase RIIalpha Subunit UI - D054754 MN - D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.150.125.875.750 MN - D12.644.360.200.125.875.750 MN - D12.776.476.200.125.875.750 MS - A type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulatory subunit that plays a role in confering CYCLIC-AMP activation of protein kinase activity. It has a higher affinity for cAMP than that of the CYCLIC-AMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE RIIBETA SUBUNIT. Binding of this subunit by A KINASE ANCHOR PROTEINS may play a role in the cellular localization of type II protein kinase A. HN - 2008(1998) BX - Protein Kinase A, RII alpha Subunit MH - Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase RIIbeta Subunit UI - D054757 MN - D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.150.125.875.875 MN - D12.644.360.200.125.875.875 MN - D12.776.476.200.125.875.875 MS - A type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulatory subunit that plays a role in confering CYCLIC-AMP activation of protein kinase activity. It has a lower affinity for cAMP than the CYCLIC-AMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE RIIALPHA SUBUNIT. Binding of this subunit by A KINASE ANCHOR PROTEINS may play a role in the cellular localization of type II protein kinase A. HN - 2008(1998) BX - Protein Kinase A, RII beta Subunit MH - G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases UI - D054768 MN - D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.364 MN - D12.644.360.293 MN - D12.776.476.293 MS - A family of serine-threonine kinases that are specific for G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS. They are regulatory proteins that play a role in G-protein-coupled receptor densensitization. HN - 2008 MH - G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 UI - D054769 MN - D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.364.049.200 MN - D12.644.360.293.249.200 MN - D12.776.476.293.249.200 MS - A ubiquitously expressed G-protein-coupled receptor kinase subtype that has specificity for the agonist-occupied form of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It may play an essential role in regulating myocardial contractile response. HN - 2008 BX - beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinase 1 MH - G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 3 UI - D054770 MN - D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.364.049.300 MN - D12.644.360.293.249.300 MN - D12.776.476.293.249.300 MS - A ubiquitously expressed G-protein-coupled receptor kinase subtype that has specificity for the agonist-occupied form of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and a variety of other G-PROTEIN-COUPLED-RECEPTORS. Although it is highly homologous to G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR KINASE 2, it is not considered to play an essential role in regulating myocardial contractile response. HN - 2008(1995) BX - beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinase 2 MH - G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 4 UI - D054771 MN - D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.364.550 MN - D12.644.360.293.750 MN - D12.776.476.293.750 MS - A G-protein-coupled receptor kinase subtype that is primarily expressed in the TESTES and BRAIN. Variants of this subtype exist due to multiple alternative splicing of its mRNA. HN - 2008(1994) MH - G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 5 UI - D054774 MN - D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.364.775 MN - D12.644.360.293.875 MN - D12.776.476.293.875 MS - A G-protein-coupled receptor kinase subtype that is primarily expressed in the MYOCARDIUM and may play a role in the regulation of cardiac functions. HN - 2008(1993) MH - Lim Kinases UI - D054461 MN - D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.542 MN - D12.644.360.390 MN - D12.776.476.396 MS - Serine protein kinases involved in the regulation of ACTIN polymerization and MICROTUBULE disassembly. Their activity is regulated by phosphorylation of a threonine residue within the activation loop by intracellular signaling kinases such as P21-ACTIVATED KINASES and by RHO KINASES. HN - 2008 MH - p21-Activated Kinases UI - D054462 MN - D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.596 MN - D12.644.360.552 MN - D12.776.476.548 MS - A family of serine-threonine kinases that bind to and are activated by MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS such as RAC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS and CDC42 GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. They are intracellular signaling kinases that play a role the regulation of cytoskeletal organization. HN - 2008 MH - rho-Associated Kinases UI - D054460 MN - D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.814 MN - D12.644.360.590 MN - D12.776.476.595 MS - A group of intracellular-signaling serine threonine kinases that bind to RHO GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. They were originally found to mediate the effects of rhoA GTP-BINDING PROTEIN on the formation of STRESS FIBERS and FOCAL ADHESIONS. Rho-associated kinases have specificity for a variety of substrates including MYOSIN-LIGHT CHAIN PHOSPHATASE and LIM KINASES. HN - 2008 BX - rho-Associated Kinase MH - NM23 Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinases UI - D054778 MN - D08.811.913.696.650.550.200 MS - A family of nucleotide diphosphate kinases that play a role in a variety of cellular signaling pathways that effect CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; and APOPTOSIS. They are considered multifunctional proteins that interact with a variety of cellular proteins and have functions that are unrelated to their enzyme activity. HN - 2008(1989) BX - Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase A MH - Carbasugars UI - D054329 MN - D09.546.142 MS - Sugar analogs in which the ring oxygen is replaced by a methylene CH2 carbon. HN - 2008 MH - Thiosugars UI - D054330 MN - D09.546.849 MS - Sugar analogs in which the ring oxygen is replaced by a sulfur. HN - 2008 FX - Thioglucosides MH - Oxylipins UI - D054883 MN - D10.251.355.645 MS - Eighteen-carbon cyclopentyl polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from ALPHA-LINOLENIC ACID via an oxidative pathway analogous to the EICOSANOIDS in animals. Biosynthesis is inhibited by SALICYLATES. A key member, jasmonic acid of PLANTS, plays a similar role to ARACHIDONIC ACID in animals. HN - 2008 MH - Lecithins UI - D054709 MN - D10.570.755.375.760.400.800.806 MN - D20.215.784.500.492 MS - A complex mixture of PHOSPHOLIPIDS; GLYCOLIPIDS; and TRIGLYCERIDES; with substantial amounts of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES; PHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINES; and PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOLS, which are sometimes loosely termed as 1,2-diacyl-3-phosphocholines. Lecithin is a component of the CELL MEMBRANE and commercially extracted from SOYBEANS and EGG YOLK. The emulsifying and surfactant properties are useful in FOOD ADDITIVES and for forming organogels (GELS). HN - 2008, 1963-1976; use PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES 1977-2007 MH - Cathelicidins UI - D054804 MN - D12.644.050.099 MN - D12.776.543.695.054.099 MS - Antimicrobial cationic peptides with a highly conserved amino terminal cathelin-like domain and a more variable carboxy terminal domain. They are initially synthesized as preproproteins and then cleaved. They are expressed in many tissues of humans and localized to EPITHELIA. They kill nonviral pathogens by forming pores in membranes. HN - 2008 MH - Cecropins UI - D054807 MN - D12.644.050.149 MN - D12.776.543.695.054.149 MS - Antimicrobial peptides that form channels in membranes that are more permeable to anions than cations. They resemble MAGAININS, with their N-terminal region forming a positively charged amphipathic alpha helix, but containing an additional C-terminal segment. HN - 2008 MH - Dermcidins UI - D054805 MN - D12.644.050.400 MN - D12.776.543.695.054.400 MS - 47-amino acid peptides secreted by ECCRINE GLANDS and having a role in innate cutaneous defense, being antimicrobial to some pathogenic BACTERIA. They are overexpressed by some primary BREAST CANCER cells. They are derived from 110 residue PROTEIN PRECURSORS. HN - 2008 MH - Histatins UI - D054808 MN - D12.644.050.450 MN - D12.776.543.695.054.450 MS - A group of small, histidine-rich, cationic peptides in human SALIVA which are antibacterial and antifungal. HN - 2008 MH - Magainins UI - D054806 MN - D12.644.050.500 MN - D12.776.543.695.054.500 MS - A class of antimicrobial peptides discovered in the skin of XENOPUS LAEVIS. They kill bacteria by permeabilizing cell membranes without exhibiting significant toxicity against mammalian cells. HN - 2008 MH - Thionins UI - D054809 MN - D12.644.050.800 MN - D12.776.543.695.054.800 MS - Antimicrobial peptides of 45-47 amino acids and typically with four disulfide bridges. They are found in PLANTS. Type-V thionins lack the C-terminal nonapeptide. This should not be confused with THIONINE. HN - 2008 BX - Thonin Peptides MH - Agouti Signaling Protein UI - D054366 MN - D12.644.276.049 MN - D12.776.467.049 MN - D23.529.049 MS - A secreted protein of approximately 131 amino acids (depending on species) that regulates the synthesis of eumelanin (brown/black) pigments in MELANOCYTES. Agouti protein antagonizes the signaling of MELANOCORTIN RECEPTORS and has wide distribution including ADIPOSE TISSUE; GONADS; and HEART. Its overexpression in agouti mice results in uniform yellow coat color, OBESITY, and metabolic defects similar to type II diabetes in humans. HN - 2008 (1993) MH - Agouti-Related Protein UI - D054369 MN - D12.644.276.074 MN - D12.776.467.074 MN - D23.529.074 MS - A secreted protein of approximately 131 amino acids that is related to AGOUTI SIGNALING PROTEIN and is also an antagonist of MELANOCORTIN RECEPTOR activity. It is expressed primarily in the HYPOTHALAMUS and the ADRENAL GLAND. As a paracrine signaling molecule, AGRP is known to regulate food intake and body weight. Elevated AGRP has been associated with OBESITY. HN - 2008 (1997) MH - Chemokine CCL1 UI - D054402 MN - D12.644.276.374.200.110.050 MN - D12.776.467.374.200.110.050 MN - D23.125.300.110.050 MN - D23.469.200.110.050 MN - D23.529.374.200.110.050 MS - A CC-type chemokine secreted by activated MONOCYTES and T-LYMPHOCYTES. It has specificity for CCR8 RECEPTORS. HN - 2008 MH - Chemokine CCL3 UI - D054405 MN - D12.644.276.374.200.110.150 MN - D12.644.276.374.200.600.150 MN - D12.776.467.374.200.110.150 MN - D12.776.467.374.200.600.150 MN - D23.125.300.110.150 MN - D23.125.300.600.500 MN - D23.469.200.110.150 MN - D23.469.200.600.150 MN - D23.529.374.200.110.150 MN - D23.529.374.200.600.150 MS - A CC chemokine with specificity for CCR1 RECEPTORS and CCR5 RECEPTORS. It is a chemoattractant for NK CELLS; MONOCYTES; and a variety of other immune cells. This chemokine is encoded by multiple genes. HN - 2008; for MIP-1ALPHA use MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN-1 1997-2007, for BB-10010 use MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN-1 1998-2007 BX - CCL3 Chemokine BX - CCL3L1 Chemokine BX - CCL3L2 Chemokine BX - CCL3L3 Chemokine BX - Chemokine CCL3L1 BX - Chemokine CCL3L2 BX - Chemokine CCL3L3 MH - Chemokine CCL4 UI - D054407 MN - D12.644.276.374.200.110.200 MN - D12.644.276.374.200.600.200 MN - D12.776.467.374.200.110.200 MN - D12.776.467.374.200.600.200 MN - D23.125.300.110.200 MN - D23.125.300.600.750 MN - D23.469.200.110.200 MN - D23.529.374.200.110.200 MN - D23.529.374.200.600.200 MS - A CC chemokine with specificity for CCR5 RECEPTORS. It is a chemoattractant for NK CELLS; MONOCYTES and a variety of other immune cells. This chemokine is encoded by multiple genes. HN - 2008; for MIP-1BETA use MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN-1 1996-2007 BX - CCL4 Chemokine BX - CCL4L1 Chemokine BX - CCL4L2 Chemokine BX - Chemokine CCL4L1 BX - Chemokine CCL4L2 MH - Chemokine CCL11 UI - D054413 MN - D12.644.276.374.200.110.550 MN - D12.776.467.374.200.110.550 MN - D23.125.300.110.550 MN - D23.469.200.110.550 MN - D23.529.374.200.110.550 MS - A CC-type chemokine that is specific for CCR3 RECEPTORS. It is a potent chemoattractant for EOSINOPHILS. HN - 2008(1994) BX - CCL11 Chemokine MH - Chemokine CCL17 UI - D054414 MN - D12.644.276.374.200.110.850 MN - D12.776.467.374.200.110.850 MN - D23.125.300.110.850 MN - D23.469.200.110.850 MN - D23.529.374.200.110.850 MS - A CC-type chemokine that is found at high levels in the THYMUS and has specificity for CCR4 RECEPTORS. It is synthesized by DENDRITIC CELLS; ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; KERATINOCYTES; and FIBROBLASTS. HN - 2008 BX - CCL17 Chemokine MH - Chemokine CCL19 UI - D054415 MN - D12.644.276.374.200.110.870 MN - D12.644.276.374.200.600.870 MN - D12.776.467.374.200.110.870 MN - D12.776.467.374.200.600.870 MN - D23.125.300.110.870 MN - D23.125.300.600.870 MN - D23.469.200.110.870 MN - D23.469.200.600.870 MN - D23.529.374.200.110.870 MN - D23.529.374.200.600.870 MS - A CC-type chemokine with specificity for CCR7 RECEPTORS. It has activity towards T LYMPHOCYTES and B LYMPHOCYTES. HN - 2008(1998) BX - CCL19 Chemokine MH - Chemokine CCL20 UI - D054418 MN - D12.644.276.374.200.110.880 MN - D12.644.276.374.200.600.880 MN - D12.776.467.374.200.110.880 MN - D12.776.467.374.200.600.880 MN - D23.125.300.110.880 MN - D23.125.300.600.880 MN - D23.469.200.110.880 MN - D23.469.200.600.880 MN - D23.529.374.200.110.880 MN - D23.529.374.200.600.880 MS - A CC-type chemokine with specificity for CCR6 RECEPTORS. It has activity towards DENDRITIC CELLS; T-LYMPHOCYTES; and B-LYMPHOCYTES. HN - 2008 BX - CCL20 Chemokine MH - Chemokine CCL21 UI - D054421 MN - D12.644.276.374.200.110.890 MN - D12.776.467.374.200.110.890 MN - D23.125.300.110.890 MN - D23.469.200.110.890 MN - D23.529.374.200.110.890 MS - A CC type chemokine with specificity for CCR7 RECEPTORS. It has activity towards DENDRITIC CELLS and T-LYMPHOCYTES. HN - 2008(1998) BX - CCL21 Chemokine MH - Chemokine CCL22 UI - D054422 MN - D12.644.276.374.200.110.900 MN - D12.776.467.374.200.110.900 MN - D23.125.300.110.900 MN - D23.469.200.110.900 MN - D23.529.374.200.110.900 MS - A CC-type chemokine with specificity for CCR4 RECEPTORS. It has activity towards TH2 CELLS and TC2 CELLS. HN - 2008(1998) BX - CCL22 Chemokine MH - Chemokine CCL24 UI - D054423 MN - D12.644.276.374.200.110.910 MN - D12.776.467.374.200.110.910 MN - D23.125.300.110.910 MN - D23.469.200.110.910 MN - D23.529.374.200.110.910 MS - A CC-type chemokine with specificity for CCR3 RECEPTORS. It is a chemoattractant for EOSINOPHILS. HN - 2008(1997) BX - CCL24 Chemokine MH - Chemokine CCL27 UI - D054425 MN - D12.644.276.374.200.110.930 MN - D12.776.467.374.200.110.930 MN - D23.125.300.110.930 MN - D23.469.200.110.930 MN - D23.529.374.200.110.930 MS - A CC-type chemokine with specificity for CCR10 RECEPTORS. It is constitutively expressed in the skin and may play a role in T-CELL trafficking during cutaneous INFLAMMATION. HN - 2008 BX - CCL27 Chemokine MH - Chemokine CCL7 UI - D054410 MN - D12.644.276.374.200.110.990.800 MN - D12.776.467.374.200.110.990.800 MN - D23.125.300.110.990.800 MN - D23.469.200.110.990.800 MN - D23.529.374.200.110.990.750 MS - A monocyte chemoattractant protein that has activity towards a broad variety of immune cell types. Chemokine CCL7 has specificity for CCR1 RECEPTORS; CCR2 RECEPTORS; and CCR5 RECEPTORS. HN - 2008(1993) BX - CCL7 Chemokine MH - Chemokine CCL8 UI - D054412 MN - D12.644.276.374.200.110.990.900 MN - D12.776.467.374.200.110.990.900 MN - D23.125.300.110.990.900 MN - D23.469.200.110.990.900 MN - D23.529.374.200.110.990.875 MS - A monocyte chemoattractant protein that attracts MONOCYTES; LYMPHOCYTES; BASOPHILS; and EOSINOPHILS. Chemokine CCL8 has specificity for CCR3 RECEPTORS and CCR5 RECEPTORS. HN - 2008(1993) BX - CCL8 Chemokine MH - Chemokine CXCL1 UI - D054360 MN - D12.644.276.374.200.120.050 MN - D12.776.467.374.200.120.050 MN - D12.776.624.664.700.049 MN - D23.125.300.120.050 MN - D23.469.200.120.050 MN - D23.529.374.200.120.050 MS - A CXC chemokine with specificity for CXCR2 RECEPTORS. It has growth factor activities and is implicated as an oncogenic factor in several tumor types. HN - 2008 BX - CXCL1 Chemokine MH - Chemokine CXCL2 UI - D054426 MN - D12.644.276.374.200.120.100 MN - D12.644.276.374.200.600.940 MN - D12.776.467.374.200.120.100 MN - D12.776.467.374.200.600.940 MN - D23.125.300.120.100 MN - D23.125.300.600.940 MN - D23.469.200.120.100 MN - D23.469.200.600.940 MN - D23.529.374.200.120.100 MN - D23.529.374.200.600.940 MS - A CXC chemokine that is synthesized by activated MONOCYTES and NEUTROPHILS. It has specificity for CXCR2 RECEPTORS. HN - 2008(1990) BX - CXCL2 Chemokine MH - Chemokine CXCL5 UI - D054365 MN - D12.644.276.374.200.120.250 MN - D12.776.467.374.200.120.250 MN - D23.125.300.120.250 MN - D23.469.200.120.250 MN - D23.529.374.200.120.250 MS - A CXC chemokine that is predominantly expressed in EPITHELIAL CELLS. It has specificity for the CXCR2 RECEPTOR and is involved in the recruitment and activation of NEUTROPHILS. HN - 2008 BX - CXCL5 Chemokine MH - Chemokine CXCL6 UI - D054427 MN - D12.644.276.374.200.120.300 MN - D12.776.467.374.200.120.300 MN - D23.125.300.120.300 MN - D23.469.200.120.300 MN - D23.529.374.200.120.300 MS - A CXC chemokine that has stimulatory and chemotactic activities towards NEUTROPHILS. It has specificity for CXCR1 RECEPTORS and CXCR2 RECEPTORS. HN - 2008(1993) BX - CXCL6 Chemokine MH - Chemokine CXCL9 UI - D054370 MN - D12.644.276.374.200.120.450 MN - D12.776.467.374.200.120.450 MN - D23.125.300.120.450 MN - D23.469.200.120.450 MN - D23.529.374.200.120.450 MS - An INTEFERON-inducible CXC chemokine that is specific for the CXCR3 RECEPTOR. HN - 2008 BX - CXCL9 Chemokine BX - Mig Chemokine MH - Chemokine CXCL10 UI - D054357 MN - D12.644.276.374.200.120.500 MN - D12.776.467.374.200.120.500 MN - D23.125.300.120.500 MN - D23.469.200.120.500 MN - D23.529.374.200.120.500 MS - A CXC chemokine that is induced by GAMMA-INTEFERON and is chemotactic for MONOCYTES and T-LYMPHOCYTES. It has specificity for the CXCR3 RECEPTOR. HN - 2008(1987) BX - CXCL10 Chemokine MH - Chemokine CXCL11 UI - D054371 MN - D12.644.276.374.200.120.550 MN - D12.776.467.374.200.120.550 MN - D23.125.300.120.550 MN - D23.469.200.120.550 MN - D23.529.374.200.120.550 MS - A CXC chemokine that is induced by GAMMA-INTEFERON. It is a chemotactic factor for activated T-LYMPHOCYTES and has specificity for the CXCR3 RECEPTOR. HN - 2008(1999) BX - CXCL11 Chemokine MH - Chemokine CXCL12 UI - D054377 MN - D12.644.276.374.200.120.600 MN - D12.776.467.374.200.120.600 MN - D23.125.300.120.600 MN - D23.469.200.120.600 MN - D23.529.374.200.120.600 MS - A CXC chemokine that is chemotactic for T-LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES. It has specificity for CXCR4 RECEPTORS. Two isoforms of CXCL12 are produced by alternative mRNA splicing. HN - 2008(1993) BX - CXCL12 Chemokine BX - Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1beta MH - Chemokine CXCL13 UI - D054382 MN - D12.644.276.374.200.120.650 MN - D12.776.467.374.200.120.650 MN - D23.125.300.120.650 MN - D23.469.200.120.650 MN - D23.529.374.200.120.650 MS - A CXC chemokine that is chemotactic for B-LYMPHOCYTES. It has specificity for CXCR5 RECEPTORS. HN - 2008 BX - CXCL13 Chemokine MH - Chemokine CX3CL1 UI - D054428 MN - D12.644.276.374.200.130.500 MN - D12.776.467.374.200.130.500 MN - D12.776.543.193 MN - D23.125.300.130.500 MN - D23.469.200.130.500 MN - D23.529.374.200.130.500 MS - A CX3C chemokine that is a transmembrane protein found on the surface of cells. The soluble form of chemokine CX3CL1 can be released from cell surface by proteolysis and act as a chemoattractant that may be involved in the extravasation of leukocytes into inflamed tissues. The membrane form of the protein may also play a role in cell adhesion. HN - 2008(1997) BX - Chemokine (C-X3-C Motif) Ligand 1 BX - CX3CL1 Chemokine MH - A Kinase Anchor Proteins UI - D054758 MN - D12.644.360.024.065 MN - D12.776.157.057.001 MN - D12.776.476.024.069 MS - A structurally-diverse family of intracellular-signaling adaptor proteins that selectively tether specific protein kinase A subtypes to distinct subcellular sites. They play a role in focusing the PROTEIN KINASE A activity toward relevant substrates. Over fifty members of this family exist, most of which bind specifically to regulatory subunits of CYCLIC-AMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE TYPE II such as CAMP PROTEIN KINASE RIIALPHA or CAMP PROTEIN KINASE RIIBETA. HN - 2008 MH - Phytochelatins UI - D054811 MN - D12.644.456.448.625 MS - Poly-glutathione peptides composed of (Glu-Cys)n-Gly where n is two to seven. They are biosynthesized by glutathione gamma-glutamylcysteinyltransferase and are found in many PLANTS; YEASTS; and ALGAE. They sequester HEAVY METALS. HN - 2008(1992) MH - Peptaibols UI - D054848 MN - D12.644.504 MS - A group of peptides characterized by length of 1-2 dozen residues with a high proportion of them being non-proteinogenic, notably alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) and isovaline, and have a C-terminal amino alcohol and N terminal alkyl group. They are found in FUNGI and some are ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS. They form channels or pores in target organisms. The term is a contraction of peptide-Aib-alcohol. HN - 2008; for EMERIMICINS use PEPTIDES 1977-2007 BX - Alamethicins BX - Antiamoebins BX - Chrysospermins BX - Culicinins BX - Zervamicins MH - Echinocandins UI - D054714 MN - D12.644.641.311 MS - Cyclic hexapeptides of proline-ornithine-threonine-proline-threonine-serine. The cyclization with a single non-peptide bond can lead them to be incorrectly called DEPSIPEPTIDES, but the echinocandins lack ester links. Antifungal activity is via inhibition of 1,3-beta-glucan synthase production of BETA-GLUCANS. HN - 2008 MH - Immunoglobulin Light Chains, Surrogate UI - D054444 MN - D12.776.124.486.485.705.750.775 MN - D12.776.124.486.485.950.750.500 MN - D12.776.124.790.651.705.750.775 MN - D12.776.124.790.651.950.750.500 MN - D12.776.377.715.548.705.750.775 MN - D12.776.377.715.548.950.750.500 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.816.821.750.500 MS - An immunoglobulin light chain-like protein composed of an IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION-like peptide (such as light chain like lambda5 peptide) and an IMMUNOGLOBULIN CONSTANT REGION-like peptide (such as Vpreb1 peptide). Surrogate light chains associate with MU IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS in place of a conventional immunoglobulin light chains to form pre-B cell receptors. HN - 2008 BX - Surrogate Immunoglobulin Light Chains BX - Surrogate Light Chains MH - Pre-B Cell Receptors UI - D054420 MN - D12.776.124.486.485.950.750 MN - D12.776.124.790.651.950.750 MN - D12.776.377.715.548.950.750 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.816.821.750 MS - Membrane proteins in precursor B-LYMPHOCYTES (pre-B Cells). They are composed of membrane-bound MU IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS in complex with SURROGATE LIGHT CHAINS instead of conventional IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS. Only successful rearrangement of the VDJ segments, at the Ig heavy chain gene locus (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN GENES), will generate mu heavy chains that can pair with surrogate light chains. Thus formation of the pre-B cell receptors is an important checkpoint in the development of mature B cells. HN - 2008 MH - Retinol-Binding Proteins, Plasma UI - D054839 MN - D12.776.124.698 MN - D12.776.124.790.106.745 MN - D12.776.157.469.550 MN - D12.776.157.700.500 MN - D12.776.377.715.085.745 MS - Retinol binding proteins that circulate in the PLASMA. They are members of the lipocalin family of proteins and play a role in the transport of RETINOL from the LIVER to the peripheral tissues. The proteins are usually found in association with TRANSTHYRETIN. AN - RETINOL-BINDING PROTEINS and RETINOL-BINDING PROTEINS, CELLULAR are also available; do not interpret the presence of retinol binding proteins in the blood as RETINOL-BINDING PROTEINS, PLASMA; check text for appropriate term HN - 2008 MH - Lipocalins UI - D054834 MN - D12.776.157.469 MS - A diverse family of extracellular proteins that bind to small hydrophobic molecules. They were originally characterized as transport proteins, however they may have additional roles such as taking part in the formation of macromolecular complexes with other proteins and binding to CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. HN - 2008 MH - Lipocalin 1 UI - D054835 MN - D12.776.157.469.100 MN - D12.776.850.700 MS - A lipocalin that was orignally characterized from human TEARS. It is expressed primarily in the LACRIMAL GLAND and the VON EBNER GLANDS. Lipocalin 1 may play a role in olfactory transduction by concentrating and delivering odorants to the ODORANT RECEPTORS. HN - 2008(1990) MH - Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels UI - D054815 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.337 MN - D12.776.543.550.425.452 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.452 MS - Ion channels that are regulated by cyclic GMP or cyclic AMP binding and contain six transmembrane segments and an ion conducting pore that passes monovalent cations. They are expressed in OLFACTORY NERVE cilia and in PHOTORECEPTORS and some PLANTS. They are blocked by DILTIAZEM. HN - 2008(1987) BX - Cyclic-Nucleotide Gated Ion Channels MH - KATP Channels UI - D054086 MN - D12.776.157.530.400.600.450.550 MN - D12.776.543.550.425.750.450.550 MN - D12.776.543.585.400.750.450.550 MS - Heteromultimers of Kir6 channels (the pore portion) and sulfonylurea receptor (the regulatory portion) which affect function of the HEART; PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS. KATP channel blockers include GLIBENCLAMIDE and mitiglinide whereas openers include CROMAKALIM and minoxidil sulfate. HN - 2008 BX - ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channels FX - Potassium Channel Blockers MH - Retinol-Binding Proteins, Cellular UI - D054840 MN - D12.776.157.700.249 MS - A subclass of retinol-binding proteins that take part in the intracellular storage and transport of RETINOL. They are both functionally and structurally distinct from PLASMA-RETINOL BINDING PROTEINS. AN - RETINOL-BINDING PROTEINS and RETINOL-BINDING PROTEINS, PLASMA are available; do not interpret the presence of retinol binding proteins in the blood as RETINOL-BINDING PROTEINS, PLASMA; check for appropriate term HN - 2008(1982); for CELLULAR RETINOL BINDING PROTEIN use RETINOL-BINDING PROTEINS 1982-2007; for RETINOL-BINDING PROTEIN 1 use RETINOL-BINDING PROTEINS 1990-2007 MH - rev Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus UI - D054321 MN - D12.776.157.725.076.500 MN - D12.776.664.962.186.500 MN - D12.776.964.775.562.765 MN - D12.776.964.925.984.385.500 MS - Proteins encoded by the REV GENES of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS. HN - 2008; use GENE PRODUCTS, REV 1990-2007 BX - art-trs Gene Protein, HIV BX - HIV rev Gene Product BX - Trans-Activator Protein, HIV BX - trs-art Gene Protein, HIV MH - tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus UI - D054322 MN - D12.776.260.755.199.500 MN - D12.776.930.900.199.500 MN - D12.776.964.775.562.773 MN - D12.776.964.925.984.400.500 MS - Proteins encoded by the TAT GENES of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS. HN - 2008; see GENE PRODUCTS, TAT 1990-2007 BX - HIV tat Protein BX - HIV Transacting Transcription Protein BX - Trans-Acting Transcription Factor, HIV MH - Truncated Hemoglobins UI - D054793 MN - D12.776.422.512.932 MS - A family of hemoglobin-like proteins found in BACTERIA; PLANTS; and unicellular eukaryotes. Truncated hemoglobins are distantly related to vertebrate hemoglobins and are typically shorter than vertebrate hemoglobins by 20-40 residues. HN - 2008 BX - Hemoglobins, Truncated MH - Perforin UI - D054353 MN - D12.776.543.695.875 MS - A calcium-dependent pore-forming protein synthesized in cytolytic LYMPHOCYTES and sequestered in secretory granules. Upon immunological reaction between a cytolytic lymphocyte and a target cell, perforin is released at the plasma membrane and polymerizes into transmembrane tubules (forming pores) which lead to death of a target cell. HN - 2008 BX - Cytolysin BX - Lymphocyte Pore-Forming Protein MH - Receptors, Adipokine UI - D054417 MN - D12.776.543.750.065 MS - Cell surface receptors for ADIPOKINES, cytokines secreted by the ADIPOCYTES. HN - 2008 BX - Adipokine Receptors MH - Receptors, Adiponectin UI - D054419 MN - D12.776.543.750.065.249 MS - Cell surface receptors for ADIPONECTIN, an antidiabetic hormone secreted by ADIPOCYTES. Adiponectin receptors are membrane proteins with multiple cytoplasmic and extracellular regions. They are about 43 kDa and encoded by at least two genes with different affinities for globular and full-length adiponectin. HN - 2008 BX - Adiponectin Receptor MH - Receptors, Leptin UI - D054411 MN - D12.776.543.750.065.500 MS - Cell surface receptors for obesity factor (LEPTIN), a hormone secreted by the WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Upon leptin-receptor interaction, the signal is mediated through the JAK2/STAT3 pathway to regulate food intake, energy balance and fat storage. HN - 2008 (1996) BX - Antigens, CD295 BX - CD295 Antigens BX - Leptin Receptors BX - OB Receptor MH - Receptors, CCR UI - D054388 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.160.150 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.852.125.150 MN - D23.050.301.264.035.605.150 MN - D23.101.100.110.605.150 MS - Chemokine receptors that are specific for CC CHEMOKINES. HN - 2008 BX - CCR Receptors MH - Receptors, CCR1 UI - D054389 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.160.150.100 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.852.125.150.100 MN - D23.050.301.264.035.605.150.100 MN - D23.101.100.110.605.150.100 MS - CCR receptors with specificity for a broad variety of CC CHEMOKINES. They are expressed at high levels in MONOCYTES; tissue MACROPHAGES; NEUTROPHILS; and EOSINOPHILS. HN - 2008(1997) BX - Antigens, CD191 BX - CC Chemokine Receptor 1 BX - CCR1 Receptors BX - CD191 Antigens MH - Receptors, CCR2 UI - D054390 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.160.150.200 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.852.125.150.200 MN - D23.050.301.264.035.605.150.200 MN - D23.101.100.110.605.150.200 MS - CCR receptors with specificity for CHEMOKINE CCL2 and several other CCL2-related chemokines. They are expressed at high levels in T-LYMPHOCYTES; B-LYMPHOCYTES; MACROPHAGES; BASOPHILS; and NK CELLS. HN - 2008(1994) BX - Antigens, CD192 BX - CC Chemokine Receptor 2 BX - CCR2 Receptors BX - CD192 Antigens MH - Receptors, CCR3 UI - D054397 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.160.150.300 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.852.125.150.300 MN - D23.050.301.264.035.605.150.300 MN - D23.101.100.110.605.150.300 MS - CCR receptors with specificity for CHEMOKINE CCL11 and a variety of other CC CHEMOKINES. They are expressed at high levels in T-LYMPHOCYTES; EOSINOPHILS; BASOPHILS; and MAST CELLS. HN - 2008(1996) BX - Antigens, CD193 BX - CC Chemokine Receptor 3 BX - CCR3 Receptors BX - CD193 Antigens MH - Receptors, CCR4 UI - D054398 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.160.150.400 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.852.125.150.400 MN - D23.050.301.264.035.605.150.400 MN - D23.101.100.110.605.150.400 MS - CCR receptors with specificity for CHEMOKINE CCL17 and CHEMOKINE CCL22. They are expressed at high levels in T-LYMPHOCYTES; MAST CELLS; DENDRITIC CELLS; and NK CELLS. HN - 2008(1997) BX - Antigens, CD194 BX - CC Chemokine Receptor 4 BX - CCR4 Receptors BX - CD194 Antigens MH - Receptors, CCR6 UI - D054399 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.160.150.600 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.852.125.150.600 MN - D23.050.301.264.035.605.150.600 MN - D23.101.100.110.605.150.600 MS - CCR receptors with specificity for CHEMOKINE CCL20. They are expressed at high levels in T-LYMPHOCYTES; B-LYMPHOCYTES; and DENDRITIC CELLS. HN - 2008 BX - Antigens, CD196 BX - CC Chemokine Receptor 6 BX - CCR6 Receptors BX - CD196 Antigens MH - Receptors, CCR7 UI - D054400 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.160.150.700 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.852.125.150.700 MN - D23.050.301.264.035.605.150.700 MN - D23.101.100.110.605.150.700 MS - CCR receptors with specificity for CHEMOKINE CCL19 and CHEMOKINE CCL21. They are expressed at high levels in T-LYMPHOCYTES; B-LYMPHOCYTES; and DENDRITIC CELLS. HN - 2008(1998) BX - Antigens, CD197 BX - CC Chemokine Receptor 7 BX - CCR7 Receptors BX - CD197 Antigens MH - Receptors, CCR8 UI - D054401 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.160.150.800 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.852.125.150.800 MN - D23.050.301.264.035.605.150.800 MN - D23.101.100.110.605.150.800 MS - CCR receptors with specificity for CHEMOKINE CCL1. They are expressed at high levels in T-LYMPHOCYTES; B-LYMPHOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. HN - 2008 BX - Antigens, CDw198 BX - CC Chemokine Receptor 8 BX - CCR8 Receptors BX - CDw198 Antigens MH - Receptors, CCR10 UI - D054447 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.160.150.950 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.852.125.150.950 MN - D23.050.301.264.035.605.150.950 MN - D23.101.100.110.605.150.950 MS - CCR receptors with specificity for CHEMOKINE CCL27. They may play a specialized role in the cutaneous homing of LYMPHOCYTES. HN - 2008(1997) BX - CC Chemokine Receptor 10 BX - CCR10 Receptors MH - Receptors, CXCR UI - D054387 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.160.500 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.852.125.500 MN - D23.050.301.264.035.605.500 MN - D23.101.100.110.605.500 MS - Chemokine receptors that are specific for CXC CHEMOKINES. HN - 2008 BX - CXCR Receptors MH - Receptors, CXCR3 UI - D054367 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.160.500.300 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.852.125.500.300 MN - D23.050.301.264.035.605.500.300 MN - D23.101.100.110.605.500.300 MS - CXCR receptors that are expressed on the surface of a number of cell types, including T-LYMPHOCYTES; NK CELLS; DENDRITIC CELLS; and a subset of B-LYMPHOCYTE CELLS. The receptors are activated by CHEMOKINE CXCL9; CHEMOKINE CXCL10; and CHEMOKINE CXCL11. HN - 2008(1998) BX - Antigens, CD183 BX - CD183 Antigens BX - CXC Chemokine Receptor 3 BX - CXCR3 Receptors MH - Receptors, CXCR5 UI - D054380 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.160.500.500 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.852.125.500.500 MN - D23.050.301.264.035.605.500.500 MN - D23.101.100.110.605.500.500 MS - CXCR receptors isolated initially from BURKITT LYMPHOMA cells. CXCR5 receptors are expressed on mature, recirculating B-LYMPHOCYTES and are specific for CHEMOKINE CXCL13. HN - 2008 BX - Antigens, CD185 BX - CD185 Antigens BX - CXC Chemokine Receptor 5 BX - CXCR5 Receptors MH - Receptors, Ghrelin UI - D054440 MN - D12.776.543.750.100.322 MS - Transmembrane proteins that recognize and bind GHRELIN, a potent stimulator of GROWTH HORMONE secretion and food intake in mammals. Ghrelin receptors are found in the pituitary and HYPOTHALAMUS. They belong to the family of G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS. HN - 2008 (1999) BX - Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor BX - Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptors MH - Receptors, KIR UI - D054340 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.541 MS - A family of receptors found on NK CELLS that have specificity for a variety of HLA ANTIGENS. KIR receptors contain up to three different extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains referred to as D0, D1, and D2 and play an important role in blocking NK cell activation against cells expressing the appropriate HLA antigens thus preventing cell lysis. Although they are often referred to as being inhibitory receptors, a subset of KIR receptors may also play an activating role in NK cells. AN - general; prefer specifics HN - 2008(1997) BX - Killer Inhibitory Receptors BX - KIR Family Receptors BX - KIR Receptors MH - Receptors, KIR2DL1 UI - D054342 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.541.249 MN - D23.050.301.264.035.835 MN - D23.101.100.110.835 MS - A KIR receptor that has specificity for HLA-C ANTIGEN. It is an inhibitory receptor that contains D1 and D2 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and a long cytoplasmic tail. It is similar in structure and function to the KIR2DL2 RECEPTOR and the KIR2DL3 RECEPTOR. HN - 2008(2006) BX - Antigens, CD158a BX - CD158a Antigens MH - Receptors, KIR2DL2 UI - D054343 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.541.374 MN - D23.050.301.264.035.838 MN - D23.101.100.110.838 MS - A KIR receptor that has specificity for HLA-C ANTIGEN. It is an inhibitory receptor that contains D1 and D2 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and a long cytoplasmic tail. It is similar in structure and function to the KIR2DL1 RECEPTOR and the KIR2DL3 RECEPTOR. HN - 2008(2006) BX - Antigens, CD158b1 BX - CD158b1 Antigens MH - Receptors, KIR2DL3 UI - D054344 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.541.437 MN - D23.050.301.264.035.842 MN - D23.101.100.110.842 MS - A KIR receptor that has specificity for HLA-C ANTIGEN. It is an inhibitory receptor that contains D1 and D2 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and a long cytoplasmic tail. It is similar in structure and function to the KIR2DL2 RECEPTOR and the KIR2DL3 RECEPTOR. HN - 2008(2006) BX - Antigens, CD158b BX - CD158b Antigens MH - Receptors, KIR2DL4 UI - D054345 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.541.468 MN - D23.050.301.264.035.846 MN - D23.101.100.110.846 MS - A KIR receptor that has specificity for HLA-G antigen. It contains D0 and D2 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and a long cytoplasmic tail. HN - 2008(2006) BX - Antigens, CD158d BX - CD158d Antigens MH - Receptors, KIR2DL5 UI - D054346 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.541.484 MS - An inhibitory KIR receptor that contains D0 and D1 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and a long cytoplasmic tail. HN - 2008(2000) MH - Receptors, KIR3DL1 UI - D054341 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.541.500 MN - D23.050.301.264.035.848 MN - D23.101.100.110.848 MS - A KIR receptor that has specificity for HLA-B ANTIGEN. It is an inhibitory receptor that contains D0, D1, and D2 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and a long cytoplasmic tail. HN - 2008(1994) BX - Antigens, CD158e BX - CD158e Antigens MH - Receptors, KIR3DL2 UI - D054347 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.541.750 MN - D23.050.301.264.035.849 MN - D23.101.100.110.849 MS - A KIR receptor that has specificity for HLA-A3 ANTIGEN. It is an inhibitory receptor that contains D0, D1, and D2 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and a long cytoplasmic tail. HN - 2008(1999) BX - Antigens, CD158k BX - CD158k Antigens MH - Receptors, KIR3DS1 UI - D054349 MN - D12.776.543.750.705.541.890 MS - An activating KIR receptor that contains D0, D1, and D2 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and a short cytoplasmic tail. HN - 2008(2006) MH - Receptors, Phospholipase A2 UI - D054507 MN - D12.776.543.750.783 MS - Cell surface receptors that bind to and internalize SECRETED PHOSPHOLIPASES A2. Although primarily acting as scavenger receptors, these proteins may also play a role in intracellular signaling. Soluble forms of phospholipase A2 receptors occur through the action of proteases and may a play a role in the inhibition of extracellular phospholipase activity. HN - 2008 BX - Phospholipase A2 Receptor MH - gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus UI - D054301 MN - D12.776.775.330.650 MN - D12.776.964.775.350.362 MN - D12.776.964.775.562.750 MN - D12.776.964.970.600.850.350.362 MS - Proteins encoded by the GAG GENE of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS. HN - 2008 MH - pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus UI - D054302 MN - D12.776.775.360.650 MN - D12.776.964.775.375.545 MN - D12.776.964.775.562.875 MN - D12.776.964.970.600.850.375.545 MS - Proteins encoded by the POL GENE of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS. HN - 2008 MH - Steroidogenic Factor 1 UI - D054339 MN - D12.776.826.925 MN - D12.776.930.845 MS - A transcription factor and member of the nuclear receptor family NR5 that is expressed throughout the adrenal and reproductive axes during development. It plays an important role in sexual differentiation, formation of primary steroidogenic tissues, and their functions in post-natal and adult life. It regulates the expression of key steroidogenic enzymes. HN - 2008 MH - Imidazoline Receptors UI - D054755 MN - D12.776.827.137 MS - Receptors of CLONIDINE and other IMIDAZOLINES. Activity of the ligands was earlier attributed to ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS. Endogenous ligands include AGMATINE, imidazoleacetic acid ribotide, and harman. HN - 2008(1988) BX - Imidazoline-Guanidinium Receptors BX - Receptors, Imidazoline-Guanidinium MH - Chloroplast Thioredoxins UI - D054479 MN - D12.776.915.249 MS - A subtype of thioredoxins found primarily in CHLOROPLASTS. HN - 2008; for THIOREDOXIN M use THIOREDOXINS 1986-2007 MH - Thioredoxin h UI - D054480 MN - D12.776.915.624 MS - A thioredoxin subtype that is ubiquitously found in the plant kingdom. It reduces a variety of seed storage proteins and may play a role in the germination process of seeds. HN - 2008(1991) MH - env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus UI - D054299 MN - D12.776.964.775.325.164 MN - D12.776.964.775.562.500 MN - D12.776.964.970.880.325.164 MS - Proteins encoded by the ENV GENE of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS. HN - 2008 FX - Genes, env MH - nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus UI - D054311 MN - D12.776.964.775.362.500 MN - D12.776.964.775.562.760 MN - D12.776.964.925.500.500 MS - Proteins encoded by the NEF GENES of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS. HN - 2008 BX - nef Protein, Human Immunodeficiency Virus MH - vif Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus UI - D054320 MN - D12.776.964.775.468.500 MN - D12.776.964.775.562.781 MN - D12.776.964.925.875.500 MS - Proteins encoded by the VIF GENES of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS. HN - 2008 for HIV VIF GENE PRODUCT use GENE PRODUCTS, VIF 1991-2007 BX - HIV vif Gene Product MH - Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins UI - D054298 MN - D12.776.964.775.562 MS - Proteins synthesized by HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSES such as the HIV-1 and HIV-2. AN - general; prefer specifics HN - 2008 BX - HIV Proteins FX - HIV MH - vpr Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus UI - D054325 MN - D12.776.964.775.562.937 MN - D12.776.964.925.984.430.500 MS - Proteins encoded by the VPR GENES of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS. HN - 2008; use GENE PRODUCTS, VPR 1991-2007 BX - HIV vpr Gene Product MH - Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins UI - D054334 MN - D12.776.964.925 MS - A broad category of viral proteins that play indirect roles in the biological processes and activities of viruses. Included here are proteins that either regulate the expression of viral genes or are involved in modifying host cell functions. Many of the proteins in this category serve multiple functions. AN - general; prefer specifics HN - 2008 (1990) BX - Viral Accessory Proteins BX - Viral Regulatory Proteins MH - Dideoxynucleotides UI - D054306 MN - D13.695.225 MS - The phosphate esters of DIDEOXYNUCLEOSIDES. HN - 2008 MH - Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides UI - D054735 MN - D13.695.578.424.575 MS - Modified oligonucleotides in which one of the oxygens of the phosphate group is replaced with a sulfur atom. HN - 2008 MH - Pseudomonas Vaccines UI - D054406 MN - D20.215.894.135.620 MS - Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent or treat PSEUDOMONAS INFECTIONS. AN - coordinate IM with Pseudomonas species /immunol (IM) HN - 2008 MH - Leishmaniasis Vaccines UI - D054332 MN - D20.215.894.582.480 MS - Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with LEISHMANIA. AN - coordinate IM with Leishmania species /immunol (IM) HN - 2008 BX - Leishmania Vaccines MH - Biomarkers, Pharmacological UI - D054316 MN - D23.101.137 MS - Measurable biological parameters that serve for drug development, safety and dosing (DRUG MONITORING). AN - use only in the context of drug development, safety or dosage determination HN - 2008 BX - Biological Markers, Pharmacological MH - Fatty Acid Synthesis Inhibitors UI - D054872 MN - D27.505.519.186.071.401 MS - Compounds that interfere with FATTY ACID SYNTHASE resulting in a reduction of FATTY ACIDS. This is a target mechanism in humans of some ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS and ANTI-OBESITY AGENTS and of some ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS which interfere with CELL WALL and CELL MEMBRANE formation. HN - 2008 MH - Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors UI - D054873 MN - D27.505.519.389.745.335 MS - Compounds that supress the degradation of INCRETINS by blocking the action of DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV. This helps to correct the defective INSULIN and GLUCAGON secretion characteristic of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS by stimulating insulin secretion and suppressing glucagon release. HN - 2008 BX - Gliptins MH - Proton Pump Inhibitors UI - D054328 MN - D27.505.519.389.848 MS - Compounds that inhibit H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE. They are used as ANTI-ULCER AGENTS and sometimes in place of HISTAMINE H2 ANTAGONISTS for GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX. HN - 2008 MH - Histamine H3 Antagonists UI - D054828 MN - D27.505.519.625.375.425.712 MN - D27.505.696.577.375.425.712 MS - Drugs that selectively bind to but do not activate HISTAMINE H3 RECEPTORS. They have been used to correct SLEEP DISORDERS and MEMORY DISORDERS. HN - 2008 BX - Antihistaminics, H3 BX - Histamine H3 Receptor Antagonists MH - Incretins UI - D054795 MN - D27.505.696.399.472.580 MS - Peptides which stimulate INSULIN release from the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS following oral nutrient ingestion, or postprandially. HN - 2008 BX - Glucose-Dependent Insulin-Releasing Hormone MH - Laxatives UI - D054368 MN - D27.505.954.483.620 MS - Agents that produce a soft formed stool, and relax and loosen the bowels, typically used over a protracted period, to relieve CONSTIPATION. HN - 2008; use CATHARTICS 1963-2007 FX - Dietary Fiber MH - Small Molecule Libraries UI - D054852 MN - D27.720.470.765 MS - Large collections of small molecules (molecular weight about 600 or less), of similar or diverse nature which are used for high-throughput screening analysis of the gene function, protein interaction, cellular processing, biochemical pathways, or other chemical interactions. HN - 2008 MH - Lubricants UI - D054327 MN - D27.720.556 MN - VS2.001.003.004.006.013 MS - Compounds that provide LUBRICATION between surfaces in order to reduce FRICTION. They are typically LIPIDS, and include lipophilic lotions, but not EYEDROPS which are aqueous, nor SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS which are amphiphilic surfactants. AN - for lubricant eyedrops use OPHTHALMIC SOLUTIONS HN - 2008; use LUBRICATION 1963-2007 BX - Molding Agents BX - Demolding Agents BX - Lubricant FX - Surface-Active Agents FX - Lubricant Oils FX - Surface-Active Agents MH - Cardiotoxins UI - D054715 MN - D27.888.569.142 MS - Agents that have a damaging effect on the HEART. Such damage can occur from ALKYLATING AGENTS; FREE RADICALS; or metabolites from OXIDATIVE STRESS and in some cases is countered by CARDIOTONIC AGENTS. Induction of LONG QT SYNDROME or TORSADES DE POINTES has been the reason for viewing some drugs as cardiotoxins. AN - do not confuse with CARDIOTONIC AGENTS HN - 2008 BX - Cardiotoxic Agents MH - Cytostatic Agents UI - D054697 MN - D27.888.569.199 MS - Compounds that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of CELLS. HN - 2008; use ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS 1988-2007 FX - Cytotoxins MH - Sex Determination by Skeleton UI - D054881 MN - E01.370.350.700.770 MN - E01.450.860 MS - Validation of the sex of an individual by means of the bones of the SKELETON. It is most commonly based on the appearance of the PELVIS; SKULL; STERNUM; and/or long bones. AN - SEX DETERMINATION (ANALYSIS) is also available HN - 2008 MH - Cone-Beam Computed Tomography UI - D054893 MN - E01.370.350.700.810.810.490 MN - E01.370.350.825.810.810.399 MS - Computed tomography modalities which use a cone or pyramid-shaped beam of radiation. HN - 2008 BX - Tomography, Cone-Beam Computed BX - Tomography, Volume Computed MH - Spiral Cone-Beam Computed Tomography UI - D054894 MN - E01.370.350.700.810.810.490.500 MN - E01.370.350.700.810.810.800.500 MN - E01.370.350.825.810.810.399.500 MN - E01.370.350.825.810.810.800.500 MS - Modality of computed tomography in which the patient is irradiated in a spiral path around the body with a cone or pyramid-shaped beam. HN - 2008 BX - Spiral Volumetric CT BX - Tomography, Spiral Volumetric Computed MH - Elasticity Imaging Techniques UI - D054459 MN - E01.370.350.850.270 MS - Non-invasive imaging methods based on the mechanical response of an object to a vibrational or impulsive force. It is used for determining the viscoelastic properties of tissue, and thereby differentiating soft from hard inclusions in tissue such as microcalcifications, and some cancer lesions. Most techniques use ultrasound to create the images - eliciting the response with an ultrasonic radiation force and/or recording displacements of the tissue by Doppler ultrasonography. HN - 2008 MH - Cervical Length Measurement UI - D054791 MN - E01.370.350.850.865.249 MN - E01.370.378.630.865.249 MS - A parameter usually used in PRENATAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY to measure the length of the uterine neck (CERVIX UTERI). Cervical length or its shortening is used to identify and prevent early cervical opening and PRETERM BIRTH. HN - 2008 MH - Cell Migration Assays UI - D054443 MN - E01.450.495.125 MN - E05.200.500.335 MN - E05.478.594.122 MS - Specific assays that measure the migration of cells. They are commonly used to measure the migration of immune cells in response to stimuli and the inhibition of immune cell migration by immunosuppressive factors. AN - not for microorganisms HN - 2008 MH - Cell Migration Assays, Leukocyte UI - D054441 MN - E01.450.495.125.500 MN - E05.200.500.335.500 MN - E05.478.594.122.500 MS - Assays that measure the rate of migration of LEUKOCYTES. They may involve a variety of techniques such as measuring the movement of leukocytes through substrates such as AGAROSE gels or the rate of exit of cells from a glass capillary. HN - 2008; for LEUKOCYTE MIGRATION TEST use CELL MIGRATION INHIBITION 1989-2007 BX - Leukocyte Migration Test BX - Leukocyte Migration Inhibition Tests BX - Migration Inhibitory Tests, Leukocyte MH - Cell Migration Assays, Macrophage UI - D054442 MN - E01.450.495.125.750 MN - E05.200.500.335.750 MN - E05.478.594.122.750 MS - Assays that measure the rate of migration of MACROPHAGES. They may involve the use hollow plastic chamber, sealed at one end with a porous membrane and suspended over a larger well which may contain CHEMOTACTIC FACTORS. The migration of cell through the pores to the other side of the membrane is measured. HN - 2008; for MACROPHAGE MIGRATION TEST use CELL MIGRATION INHIBITION 1988-2007 BX - Macrophage Migration Test MH - Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy UI - D054843 MN - E02.309.610 MN - E04.237.444 MS - The application of a vacuum across the surface of a wound through a foam dressing cut to fit the wound. This removes wound exudates, reduces build-up of inflammatory mediators, and increases the flow of nutrients to the wound thus promoting healing. HN - 2008 MH - Laser Therapy UI - D053685 MN - E02.594 MN - E04.416 MS - The use of photothermal effects of LASERS to coagulate, incise, vaporize, resect, dissect, or resurface tissue. AN - general; prefer specifics or specific laser term/ ther use; coordinate with disease and/or organ /surg; LASER THERAPY, LOW-LEVEL is also available; laser surgery of cataract = LASER SURGERY (IM) see LASER THERAPY + CATARACT EXTRACTION (IM) HN - 2008 BX - Laser Knife BX - Laser Scalpel BX - Surgery, Laser BX - Vaporization, Laser FX - Lasers MH - Orthokeratologic Procedures UI - D054158 MN - E02.706 MS - An alternative to REFRACTIVE SURGICAL PROCEDURES. A therapeutic procedure for correcting REFRACTIVE ERRORS. It involves wearing CONTACT LENSES designed to force corrective changes to the curvature of the CORNEA that remain after the lenses are removed. The effect is temporary but is maintained by wearing the therapeutic lenses daily, usually during sleep. HN - 2008 FX - Refractive Surgical Procedures MH - Vertebroplasty UI - D054854 MN - E02.718.750 MN - E04.555.860 MS - Procedures to repair or stabilize vertebral fractures, especially compression fractures by injecting BONE CEMENTS into the fractured VERTEBRAE. HN - 2008 MH - Oocyte Retrieval UI - D054315 MN - E02.875.800.976 MN - E04.932.625 MN - E05.820.800.976 MS - Procedures to obtain viable OOCYTES from the host. Oocytes most often are collected by needle aspiration from OVARIAN FOLLICLES before OVULATION. HN - 2008 MH - Deep Sedation UI - D054810 MN - E03.295 MS - Drug-induced depression of consciousness during which patients cannot be easily aroused but respond purposely following repeated painful stimulation. The ability to independently maintain ventilatory function may be impaired. (From: American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines) AN - coordinate IM with specific procedure (IM) or specific sedative, analgesic or anesthetic (IM with no qualifiers) HN - 2008 BX - Sedation, Deep MH - Refractive Surgical Procedures UI - D054140 MN - E04.540.825 MS - Surgical procedures employed to correct REFRACTIVE ERRORS such as MYOPIA; HYPEROPIA; or ASTIGMATISM. These may involve altering the curvature of the CORNEA; removal or replacement of the CRYSTALLINE LENS; or modification of the SCLERA to change the axial length of the eye. AN - general; prefer specific procedures HN - 2008 BX - Keratorefractive Surgical Procedures FX - Orthokeratologic Procedures MH - Arthroplasty, Subchondral UI - D054544 MN - E04.555.110.054 MS - Surgical techniques used to correct or augment healing of chondral defects in the joints (CARTILAGE, ARTICULAR). These include abrasion, drilling, and microfracture of the subchondral bone to enhance chondral resurfacing via autografts, allografts, or cell transplantation. HN - 2008 MH - Facial Transplantation UI - D054445 MN - E04.936.450.262 MS - The transference between individuals of the entire face or major facial structures. In addition to the skin and cartilaginous tissue (CARTILAGE), it may include muscle and bone as well. AN - for facial skin flaps coordinate FACE or specifics with SKIN TRANSPLANTATION HN - 2008 MH - Molecular Imprinting UI - D054802 MN - E05.196.655 MS - A methodology for chemically synthesizing polymer molds of specific molecules or recognition sites of specific molecules. Applications for molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) include separations, assays and biosensors, and catalysis. AN - note category, a technique HN - 2008 FX - Nanostructures MH - Perinatal Mortality UI - D054238 MN - E05.318.308.985.550.700 MN - G03.850.505.400.975.550.700 MN - G03.850.520.308.985.550.700 MN - L01.280.975.550.700 MN - N01.224.935.698.739 MN - SP5.006.052.168.154.105 MS - Deaths occurring from the 28th week of GESTATION to the 7th day after birth. AN - a statistical concept and not a substitute for /mortal with FETAL DISEASES; INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES or specific disease; specify geography if pertinent HN - 2008; use INFANT MORTALITY 1990-2007 FX - Infant Mortality FX - Fetal Mortality FX - Infant Mortality MH - Validation Studies as Topic UI - D054928 MN - E05.337.925 MN - N05.715.360.335.500 MN - SP5.001.012.038.069 MS - Research using processes by which the reliability and relevance of a procedure for a specific purpose are established. AN - for general design, methodology, economics, etc. of validation studies; a different heading VALIDATION STUDIES is used for reports of a specific validation study HN - 2008 MH - Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis UI - D054458 MN - E05.393.290.382 MN - E05.393.620.500.324 MS - The detection of RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS by selective PCR amplification of restriction fragments derived from genomic DNA followed by electrophoretic analysis of the amplified restriction fragments. HN - 2008 BX - AFLP Analysis FX - Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length MH - Tissue Scaffolds UI - D054457 MN - E07.206.627 MN - E07.695.825 MS - Cell growth support structures composed of BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS. They are specially designed solid support matrices for cell attachment in TISSUE ENGINEERING and GUIDED TISSUE REGENERATION uses. HN - 2008 FX - Absorbable Implants MH - Lasers, Dye UI - D054025 MN - E07.525.230 MN - H01.671.606.552.548.230 MN - H01.671.768.638.578.548.230 MS - Tunable liquid lasers with organic compounds (i.e., dye) which have a strong absorption band, used as the active medium. During emission, the dye has to be optically excited by another light source (e.g., another laser or flash lamp). The range of the emission wavelength may be anywhere from the ultraviolet to the near infrared (i.e., from 180 to 1100nm). These lasers are operated in continuous wave and pulsed modes. (UMDNS, 2005) AN - /ther use: coordinate IM with disease /surg (IM), but for low-level laser therapy coordinate / ther use IM with disease /radiother (IM) + LASER THERAPY, LOW-LEVEL (IM) HN - 2008 BX - Dye Lasers BX - Pulsed Dye Lasers MH - Lasers, Excimer UI - D054018 MN - E07.525.244 MN - H01.671.606.552.548.244 MN - H01.671.768.638.578.548.244 MS - Gas lasers with excited dimers (i.e., excimers) as the active medium. The most commonly used are rare gas monohalides (e.g., argon fluoride, xenon chloride). Their principal emission wavelengths are in the ultraviolet range and depend on the monohalide used (e.g., 193 nm for ArF, 308 nm for Xe Cl). These lasers are operated in pulsed and Q-switched modes and used in photoablative decomposition involving actual removal of tissue. (UMDNS, 2005) AN - /ther use: coordinate IM with disease /surg (IM), but for low-level laser therapy coordinate / ther use IM with disease /radiother (IM) + LASER THERAPY, LOW-LEVEL (IM) HN - 2008 BX - Argon Fluoride Excimer Lasers BX - Excimer Lasers BX - Krypton Chloride Excimer Lasers BX - Xenon Chloride Excimer Lasers FX - Photorefractive Keratectomy MH - Lasers, Gas UI - D054020 MN - E07.525.367 MN - H01.671.606.552.548.367 MN - H01.671.768.638.578.548.367 MS - Lasers in which a gas lasing medium is stimulated to emit light by an electric current or high-frequency oscillator. AN - /ther use: coordinate IM with disease /surg (IM), but for low-level laser therapy coordinate / ther use IM with disease /radiother (IM) + LASER THERAPY, LOW-LEVEL (IM) HN - 2008 BX - Argon Ion Lasers BX - Carbon Dioxide Lasers BX - CO2 Lasers BX - Copper Vapor Lasers BX - Gas Laser BX - Gas Lasers BX - Gold Vapor Lasers BX - Helium Lasers BX - Helium Neon Gas Lasers BX - Metal Vapor Lasers BX - Nitrogen Lasers BX - Xenon Ion Lasers MH - Lasers, Semiconductor UI - D054023 MN - E07.525.480 MN - H01.671.606.552.548.480 MN - H01.671.768.638.578.548.480 MS - Lasers with a semiconductor diode as the active medium. Diode lasers transform electric energy to light using the same principle as a light-emitting diode (LED), but with internal reflection capability, thus forming a resonator where a stimulated light can reflect back and forth, allowing only a certain wavelength to be emitted. The emission of a given device is determined by the active compound used (e.g., gallium arsenide crystals doped with aluminum or indium). Typical wavelengths are 810, 1,060 and 1,300 nm. (From UMDNS, 2005) AN - /ther use: coordinate IM with disease /surg (IM), but for low-level laser therapy coordinate / ther use IM with disease /radiother (IM) + LASER THERAPY, LOW-LEVEL (IM) HN - 2008 BX - Diode Lasers BX - Gallium Aluminum Arsenide Lasers BX - Gallium Arsenide Lasers MH - Lasers, Solid-State UI - D053844 MN - E07.525.490 MN - H01.671.606.552.548.490 MN - H01.671.768.638.578.548.490 MS - Lasers which use a solid, as opposed to a liquid or gas, as the lasing medium. Common materials used are crystals, such as YAG (YTTRIUM aluminum garnet); alexandrite; and CORUNDUM, doped with a rare earth element such as a NEODYMIUM; ERBIUM; or HOLMIUM. The output is sometimes additionally modified by addition of non-linear optical materials such as potassium titanyl phosphate crystal, which for example is used with neodymium YAG lasers to convert the output light to the visible range. AN - /ther use: coordinate IM with disease /surg (IM), but for low-level laser therapy coordinate / ther use IM with disease /radiother (IM) + LASER THERAPY, LOW-LEVEL (IM) HN - 2008 BX - Alexandrite Lasers BX - Diode Pumped Solid State Lasers BX - Er-YAG Lasers BX - Erbium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Lasers BX - Ho YAG Lasers BX - Holmium Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Lasers BX - Holmium-YAG Lasers BX - Nd-YAG Lasers BX - Neodymium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Lasers BX - Ruby Lasers BX - YAG Lasers BX - YLF Lasers BX - YSGG Lasers BX - Yttrium-Lithium-Fluoride Lasers BX - Yttrium-Scandium-Gallium Garnet Lasers MH - Phakic Intraocular Lenses UI - D054120 MN - E07.532.460.500 MS - Lenses, generally made of plastic or silicone, that are implanted into the eye in front of the natural EYE LENS, by the IRIS, to improve VISION. These intraocular lenses are used to supplement the natural lens instead of replacing it. HN - 2008 BX - Lens, Intraocular, Phakic MH - Nanospheres UI - D054118 MN - E07.595 MN - J01.637.512.600.612 MS - Spherical particles of nanometer dimensions. They are biodegradable and self-assembling and have potential as DRUG CARRIERS and imaging agents. HN - 2008; use NANOTUBES 2007 MH - Drug-Eluting Stents UI - D054855 MN - E07.695.750.500 MS - Stents that are covered with materials that are embedded with chemicals that are gradually released into the surrounding milieu. HN - 2008 BX - Drug-Coated Stents BX - Stents, Drug-Coated BX - Stents, Drug-Eluting MH - Family Conflict UI - D054541 MN - F01.829.263.370.054 MN - F01.829.401.142 MS - Struggle or disagreement between parents, parent and child or other members of a family. HN - 2008 BX - Interparental Conflict BX - Marital Conflict MH - Attentional Blink UI - D054518 MN - F02.463.593.932.145 MN - G11.697.716.877.115 MS - Temporary visual deficit or impaired visual processing occurring in a rapid serial visual presentation task. After a person identifies the first of two visual targets, the ability to detect the second target is impaired for the next few hundred milliseconds. This phenomenon is called attentional blink. HN - 2008 MH - Ecotoxicology UI - D054750 MN - G01.273.248.500 MN - G01.703.795.211 MN - G02.628.795.211 MN - H01.158.703.795.211 MS - The study of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION and the toxic effects of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS on the ECOSYSTEM. The term was coined by Truhaut in 1969. HN - 2008 MH - Nutrigenomics UI - D054647 MN - G01.273.343.350.349 MN - H01.158.273.343.350.349 MS - The study of the relationship between NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGY and genetic makeup. It includes the effect of different food components on GENE EXPRESSION and how variations in GENES effect responses to food components. HN - 2008 MH - Cardiac Electrophysiology UI - D054849 MN - G01.344.528.500 MN - G01.782.236.500 MN - G02.403.776.409.163.300 MN - G07.453.194 MN - H01.158.344.528.500 MN - H01.158.782.236.500 MS - The study of the electrical activity and characteristics of the HEART; MYOCARDIUM; and CARDIOMYOCYTES. AN - specialty only; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC TECHNIQUES, CARDIAC is also available HN - 2008 FX - Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac MH - Drug Dosage Calculations UI - D054796 MN - G01.703.152.500 MN - H01.158.703.152.500 MN - H01.548.192 MS - Math calculations done for preparing appropriate doses of medicines, taking into account conversions of WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. Mistakes are one of the sources of MEDICATION ERRORS. HN - 2008 FX - Pharmaceutical Preparations MH - Disaster Medicine UI - D054597 MN - G02.403.776.192 MN - SP8.946.117.190 MS - Branch of medicine involved with management and organization of public health response to disasters and major events including the special health and medical needs of a community in a disaster. AN - specialty; differentiate from DISASTERS HN - 2008 FX DECS - Assistance FX - Relief, Assistance and Protection in Disasters MH - Mass Casualty Incidents UI - D054527 MN - G03.230.100.160 MN - I01.198.240.856.800.537 MN - I01.880.735.900.800.575 MS - Events that overwhelm the resources of local HOSPITALS and health care providers. They are likely to impose a sustained demand for HEALTH SERVICES rather than the short, intense peak customary with smaller scale disasters. HN - 2008 MH - Health Status Disparities UI - D054624 MN - G03.850.505.400.425.675 MN - I01.240.425.675 MN - N01.224.425.437 MS - Variation in rates of disease occurrence and disabilities between socioeconomic and /or geographically defined population groups. HN - 2008 MH - Host-Pathogen Interactions UI - D054884 MN - G04.185.420 MS - The interactions between a host and a pathogen, usually resulting in disease. AN - coordinate with host /microbiol or /virol + pathogen /physiol or other more specific qualifier; HOST-PARASITE INTERACTIONS is also available HN - 2008 BX - Host-Pathogen Relations MH - Cell Dedifferentiation UI - D054337 MN - G04.335.145 MN - G07.382.562 MS - The reverse developmental process in which differentiated cells with specialized functions become undifferentiated PROGENITOR CELLS once again. Dedifferentiation and subsequent proliferation provide the basis for tissue regeneration and the formation of new stem cell lineages. HN - 2008 BX - Dedifferentiation, Cell MH - Cell Transdifferentiation UI - D054338 MN - G04.335.335 MN - G07.382.992 MS - The process of switching one differentiated cell type into another cell type with a different form and function, such as transdifferentiation from hepatic stellate cells to myofibroblastic cells in liver fibrogenesis. HN - 2008 BX - Transdifferentiation, Cell MH - Histocompatibility, Maternal-Fetal UI - D054502 MN - G04.610.555.714.519.500 MS - The degree of antigenic similarity between tissues of the mother and those of the FETUS. Maternal-fetal histocompatibility can determine the acceptance and health of the fetus. HN - 2008 BX - Maternal-Fetal Histocompatibility MH - INDEL Mutation UI - D054643 MN - G05.600.370 MN - G13.920.590.500 MS - A mutation named with the blend of insertion and deletion. It refers to a length difference between two ALLELES where it is unknowable if the difference was originally caused by a SEQUENCE INSERTION or by a SEQUENCE DELETION. If the number of nucleotides in the insertion/deletion is not divisible by three, and it occurs in a protein coding region, it is also a FRAMESHIFT MUTATION. HN - 2008 MH - G-Quadruplexes UI - D054856 MN - G06.184.603.790.486.550 MS - Higher-order DNA and RNA structures formed from guanine-rich sequences. They are formed around a core of at least 2 stacked tetrads of hydrogen-bonded GUANINE bases. They can be formed from one two or four separate strands of DNA (or RNA) and can display a wide variety of topologies, which are a consequence of various combinations of strand direction, length, and sequence. (From Nucleic Acids Res. 2006;34(19):5402-15) HN - 2008 (1994) FX - DNA, Cruciform MH - RING Finger Domains UI - D054829 MN - G06.184.603.790.709.600.040.985.500 MN - G06.184.603.790.709.610.640.625 MS - A zinc-binding domain defined by the sequence Cysteine-X2-Cysteine-X(9-39)-Cysteine-X(l-3)-His-X(2-3)-Cysteine-X2-Cyste ine-X(4-48)-Cysteine-X2-Cysteine, where X is any amino acid. The RING finger motif binds two atoms of zinc, with each zinc atom ligated tetrahedrally by either four cysteines or three cysteines and a histidine. The motif also forms into a unitary structure with a central cross-brace region and is found in many proteins that are involved in protein-protein interactions. The acronym RING stands for Really Interesting New Gene. HN - 2008 BX - RING Finger Motifs MH - Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs UI - D054730 MN - G06.184.603.790.709.610.640 MS - Protein modules with conserved ligand-binding surfaces which mediate specific interaction functions in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathways and the specific BINDING SITES of their cognate protein LIGANDS. HN - 2008 BX - Protein Interaction Domains BX - Protein Interaction Motifs MH - PDZ Domains UI - D054731 MN - G06.184.603.790.709.610.640.500 MS - Protein interaction domains of about 70-90 amino acid residues, named after a common structure found in PSD-95, Discs Large, and Zona Occludens 1 proteins. PDZ domains are involved in the recruitment and interaction of proteins, and aid the formation of protein scaffolds and signaling networks. This is achieved by sequence-specific binding between a PDZ domain in one protein and a PDZ motif in another protein. HN - 2008 MH - Halogenation UI - D054879 MN - G06.535.496 MN - SP4.011.097.135.149 MS - Covalent attachment of HALOGENS to other compounds. HN - 2008 BX - Bromination BX - Chlorination BX - Fluorination BX - Iodination FX DECS - Bromination (Environmental Health) FX - Chlorination (Environmental Health) FX - Fluoridation FX - Iodination (Environmental Health) MH - Lipoylation UI - D054878 MN - G06.535.536 MS - Covalent attachment of LIPIDS and FATTY ACIDS to other compounds and PROTEINS. HN - 2008 BX - Palmitoylation MH - Prenylation UI - D054876 MN - G06.535.797 MS - Attachment of isoprenoids (TERPENES) to other compounds, especially PROTEINS and FLAVONOIDS. AN - PROTEIN PRENYLATION is also available HN - 2008; use PROTEIN ISOPRENYLATION 1993-2008 BX - Farnesylation BX - Geranylgeranylation BX - Isoprenylation MH - Ubiquitination UI - D054875 MN - G06.535.955 MS - The act of ligating UBIQUITINS to PROTEINS to form ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes to label proteins for transport to the PROTEASOME ENDOPEPTIDASE COMPLEX where proteolysis occurs. HN - 2008 MH - Gastrulation UI - D054262 MN - G07.574.500.325.180.812 MS - A process of complicated morphogenetic cell movements that reorganizes a bilayer embryo into one with three GERM LAYERS and specific orientation (dorsal/ventral; anterior/posterior). Gastrulation describes the germ layer development of a non-mammalian BLASTULA or that of a mammalian BLASTOCYST. HN - 2008 MH - Neurulation UI - D054261 MN - G07.574.500.325.180.875 MS - An early embryonic developmental process of CHORDATES that is characterized by morphogenic movements of ECTODERM resulting in the formation of the NEURAL PLATE; the NEURAL CREST; and the NEURAL TUBE. Improper closure of the NEURAL GROOVE results in congenital NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS. HN - 2008 MH - Pollination UI - D054817 MN - G08.520.725 MS - The transfer of POLLEN grains (male gametes) to the plant carpel, which contains the ovule (female gamete). HN - 2008 MH - Drug Agonism UI - D054313 MN - G12.361.154 MS - Phenomena and pharmaceutics of compounds that selectively bind to a specific receptor and trigger a response. They mimic the action of endogenous biochemical molecules. Their effect can be countered by antagonists (DRUG ANTAGONISM). AN - general only; prefer specific drug with / agon; DRUG PARTIAL AGONISM and DRUG INVERSE AGONISM are also available HN - 2008 MH - Drug Partial Agonism UI - D054333 MN - G12.361.154.500 MS - Drug agonism involving selective binding but reduced effect. This can result in some degree of DRUG ANTAGONISM. AN - coordinate with specific drug /agon or /antag HN - 2008 BX - Drug Agonism, Partial MH - Drug Inverse Agonism UI - D054314 MN - G12.361.393 MS - Phenomena and pharmaceutics of compounds that bind to the same receptor binding-site as an agonist (DRUG AGONISM) for that receptor but exerts the opposite pharmacological effect. AN - coordinate with specific drug /agon or /antag HN - 2008 FX - Drug Agonism MH - Genome, Mitochondrial UI - D054629 MN - G14.340.360 MS - The genetic complement of MITOCHONDRIA as represented in their DNA. HN - 2008 MH - Genome, Plastid UI - D054627 MN - G14.340.370 MS - The genetic complement of PLASTIDS as represented in their DNA. HN - 2008 MH - Genome, Chloroplast UI - D054628 MN - G14.340.370.200 MS - The genetic complement of CHLOROPLASTS as represented in their DNA. HN - 2008 MH - Microbiome UI - D054892 MN - G14.340.550 MS - The full collection of microbial genomes (bacterial, fungal, viral, etc.) that naturally exist within an organism. AN - coordinate with specific organism or organ /microbiol if pertinent HN - 2008 BX - Human Microbiome BX - Microbiome, Human MH - Glycomics UI - D054794 MN - H01.158.201.171 MN - H01.158.273.343.385 MN - H01.181.122.508 MS - The study of the structure and function of OLIGOSACCHARIDES and GLYCOSYLATION. HN - 2008 FX - Carbohydrates FX - Metabolism MH - Salinity UI - D054712 MN - H01.181.529.623.500 MS - Degree of saltiness, which is largely the OSMOLAR CONCENTRATION of SODIUM CHLORIDE plus any other SALTS present. It is an ecological factor of considerable importance, influencing the types of organisms that live in an ENVIRONMENT. HN - 2008 MH - Torsion, Mechanical UI - D054159 MN - H01.671.100.131.860 MN - H01.671.515.860 MS - A twisting deformation of a solid body about an axis. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed) AN - TORSION ABNORMALITY is also available HN - 2008 MH - Peace Corps UI - D054704 MN - I01.409.137.500.099 MN - N03.540.348.500.500.099 MS - It was established in 1961 and made an independent agency in 1981. Its mission is to help the people of interested countries in meeting their need for trained men and women, and to help promote better mutual understanding between Americans and citizens of other countries. (United States Government Manual, 2006-2007, pg497) AN - add UNITED STATES (NIM); CATALOG: use NAF entry HN - 2008 MH - United States Agency for International Development UI - D054702 MN - I01.409.137.500.199 MN - N03.540.348.500.500.199 MN - SH1.010.020.020.080 MS - An independent Federal agency established in 1961 as the focal point for economic matters affecting U.S. relations with developing countries. AN - CATALOG: Use NAF entry HN - 2008 BX - Agency for International Development BX - USAID BX - US Agency for International Development BX - AID (US) BX - US AID MH - National Cancer Institute (U.S.) UI - D054547 MN - I01.409.137.500.600.480.150 MN - N03.540.348.500.500.600.480.150 MS - Component of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. Through basic and clinical biomedical research and training, it conducts and supports research with the objective of cancer prevention, early stage identification and elimination. This Institute was established in 1937. AN - add UNITED STATES (NIM); research support by this agency is checked as RESEARCH SUPPORT, N.I.H., EXTRAMURAL or RESEARCH SUPPORT, N.I.H., INTRAMURAL; CATALOG: use NAF entry HN - 2008 MH - National Eye Institute (U.S.) UI - D054554 MN - I01.409.137.500.600.480.200 MN - N03.540.348.500.500.600.480.200 MS - Component of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. It conducts and supports research on the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the eye and visual system. It was originally part of the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness. The National Eye Institute was established in 1968. AN - add UNITED STATES (NIM); research support by this agency is checked as RESEARCH SUPPORT, N.I.H., EXTRAMURAL or RESEARCH SUPPORT, N.I.H., INTRAMURAL; CATALOG: use NAF entry HN - 2008 BX - NEI (US) MH - National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (U.S.) UI - D054555 MN - I01.409.137.500.600.480.300 MN - N03.540.348.500.500.600.480.300 MS - Component of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (NIH). It conducts and supports research program related to diseases of the heart, blood vessels, lung, and blood; blood resources; and sleep disorders. From 1948 until October 10, 1969, it was known as the National Heart Institute. From June 25, 1976, it was the National Heart and Lung Institute. Since October 1997, the NHLBI has also had administrative responsibility for the NIH Woman's Health Initiative. AN - add UNITED STATES (NIM); research support by this agency is checked as RESEARCH SUPPORT, N.I.H., EXTRAMURAL or RESEARCH SUPPORT, N.I.H., INTRAMURAL; CATALOG: use NAF entry HN - 2008 BX - NHLBI MH - National Human Genome Research Institute (U.S.) UI - D054560 MN - I01.409.137.500.600.480.325 MN - N03.540.348.500.500.600.480.325 MS - Component of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. It conducts and supports research into the mapping of the human genome and other organism genomes. The National Center for Human Genome Research was established in 1989 and re-named the National Human Genome Research Institute in 1997. AN - add UNITED STATES (NIM); research support by this agency is checked as RESEARCH SUPPORT, N.I.H., EXTRAMURAL or RESEARCH SUPPORT, N.I.H., INTRAMURAL; CATALOG: use NAF entry HN - 2008 BX - NHGRI MH - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U.S.) UI - D054579 MN - I01.409.137.500.600.480.400 MN - N03.540.348.500.500.600.480.400 MS - Component of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. It conducts and supports basic and applied research to better understand, treat, and ultimately prevent infectious, immunologic, and allergic diseases. It was established in 1948. AN - add UNITED STATES (NIM); research support by this agency is checked as RESEARCH SUPPORT, N.I.H., EXTRAMURAL or RESEARCH SUPPORT, N.I.H., INTRAMURAL; CATALOG: use NAF entry HN - 2008 BX - NIAID MH - National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (U.S.) UI - D054580 MN - I01.409.137.500.600.480.425 MN - N03.540.348.500.500.600.480.425 MS - Component of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. It supports research into the causes, treatment, and prevention of arthritis and musculoskeletal and skin diseases; the training of basic and clinical scientists to carry out this research; and the dissemination of information on research progress. It was established in 1986. AN - add UNITED STATES (NIM); research support by this agency is checked as RESEARCH SUPPORT, N.I.H., EXTRAMURAL or RESEARCH SUPPORT, N.I.H., INTRAMURAL; CATALOG: use NAF entry HN - 2008 BX - NIAMS MH - National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (U.S.) UI - D054581 MN - I01.409.137.500.600.480.435 MN - N03.540.348.500.500.600.480.435 MS - Component of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. Its mission is to improve health by leading the development and accelerating the application of biomedical technologies, and integrating the physical and engineering sciences with the life sciences to advance basic research and medical care. It was established in 2000. AN - add UNITED STATES (NIM); research support by this agency is checked as RESEARCH SUPPORT, N.I.H., EXTRAMURAL or RESEARCH SUPPORT, N.I.H., INTRAMURAL; CATALOG: use NAF entry HN - 2008 BX - NIBIB MH - National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U.S.) UI - D054582 MN - I01.409.137.500.600.480.440 MN - N03.540.348.500.500.600.480.440 MS - Component of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. It was initially established to investigate the broad aspects of human development as a means of understanding developmental disabilities, including mental retardation, and the events that occur during pregnancy. It now conducts and supports research on all stages of human development. It was established in 1962. AN - add UNITED STATES (NIM); research support by this agency is checked as RESEARCH SUPPORT, N.I.H., EXTRAMURAL or RESEARCH SUPPORT, N.I.H., INTRAMURAL; CATALOG: use NAF entry HN - 2008 BX - NICHD MH - National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (U.S.) UI - D054584 MN - I01.409.137.500.600.480.445 MN - N03.540.348.500.500.600.480.445 MS - Component of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. It seeks to improve oral, dental and craniofacial health through research, research training, and the dissemination of health information by conducting and supporting basic and clinical research. It was established in 1948 as the National Institute of Dental Research and re-named in 1998 as the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. AN - add UNITED STATES (NIM); research support by this agency is checked as RESEARCH SUPPORT, N.I.H., EXTRAMURAL or RESEARCH SUPPORT, N.I.H., INTRAMURAL; CATALOG: use NAF entry HN - 2008 BX - NIDCR BX - NIDR MH - National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (U.S.) UI - D054586 MN - I01.409.137.500.600.480.450 MN - N03.540.348.500.500.600.480.450 MS - Component of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. It conducts and supports basic and applied research for a national program in diabetes, endocrinology, and metabolic diseases; digestive diseases and nutrition; and kidney, urologic, and hematologic diseases. It was established in 1948. AN - add UNITED STATES (NIM); research support by this agency is checked as RESEARCH SUPPORT, N.I.H., EXTRAMURAL or RESEARCH SUPPORT, N.I.H., INTRAMURAL; CATALOG: use NAF entry HN - 2008 BX - NIDDK MH - National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (U.S.) UI - D054585 MN - I01.409.137.500.600.480.455 MN - N03.540.348.500.500.600.480.455 MS - Component of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. It conducts and supports basic and applied research to reduce the burden of human illness and dysfunction from environmental causes by, defining how environmental exposures, genetic susceptibility, and age interact to affect an individual's health. It was established in 1969. AN - add UNITED STATES (NIM); research support by this agency is checked as RESEARCH SUPPORT, N.I.H., EXTRAMURAL or RESEARCH SUPPORT, N.I.H., INTRAMURAL; CATALOG: use NAF entry HN - 2008 BX - NIEHS MH - National Institute of General Medical Sciences (U.S.) UI - D054587 MN - I01.409.137.500.600.480.457 MN - N03.540.348.500.500.600.480.457 MS - Component of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. It conducts and supports basic biomedical research that is not targeted to specific diseases and funds studies on genes, proteins, and cells, as well as on fundamental processes like communication within and between cells and metabolism. It was established in 1962. AN - add UNITED STATES (NIM); research support by this agency is checked as RESEARCH SUPPORT, N.I.H., EXTRAMURAL or RESEARCH SUPPORT, N.I.H., INTRAMURAL; CATALOG: use NAF entry HN - 2008 BX - NIGMS MH - National Institute of Nursing Research (U.S.) UI - D054588 MN - I01.409.137.500.600.480.462 MN - N03.540.348.500.500.600.480.462 MS - Component of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. It conducts and supports clinical and basic research to establish a scientific basis for the care of individuals across the life span, from the management of patients during illness and recovery to the reduction of risks for disease and disability; the promotion of healthy lifestyles; the promotion of quality of life in those with chronic illness; and the care for individuals at the end of life. It was established in 1986. AN - add UNITED STATES (NIM); research support by this agency is checked as RESEARCH SUPPORT, N.I.H., EXTRAMURAL or RESEARCH SUPPORT, N.I.H., INTRAMURAL; CATALOG: use NAF entry HN - 2008 BX - NINR MH - National Institute on Aging (U.S.) UI - D054561 MN - I01.409.137.500.600.480.465 MN - N03.540.348.500.500.600.480.465 MS - Component of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. Through basic and clinical biomedical research and training, it conducts and supports research into the nature of the aging process and diseases associated with the later stages of life. The Institute was established in 1974. AN - add UNITED STATES (NIM); research support by this agency is checked as RESEARCH SUPPORT, N.I.H., EXTRAMURAL or RESEARCH SUPPORT, N.I.H., INTRAMURAL; CATALOG: use NAF entry HN - 2008 BX - NIA (US) MH - National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (U.S.) UI - D054563 MN - I01.409.137.500.600.480.467 MN - N03.540.348.500.500.600.480.467 MS - Component of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. It conducts research focused on improving the treatment and prevention of alcoholism and alcohol-related problems to reduce the health, social, and economic consequences of this disease. NIAAA, NIMH, and NIDA were created as coequal institutes within the Alcohol, Drug Abuse and Mental Health Administration in 1974. It was established within the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH in 1992. AN - add UNITED STATES (NIM); research support by this agency is checked as RESEARCH SUPPORT, N.I.H., EXTRAMURAL or RESEARCH SUPPORT, N.I.H., INTRAMURAL; CATALOG: use NAF entry HN - 2008 BX - NIAAA MH - National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (U.S.) UI - D054583 MN - I01.409.137.500.600.480.470 MN - N03.540.348.500.500.600.480.470 MS - Component of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. It conducts and supports biomedical research and research training on normal mechanisms as well as diseases and disorders of hearing, balance, smell, taste, voice, speech, and language. It was established in 1988. AN - add UNITED STATES (NIM); research support by this agency is checked as RESEARCH SUPPORT, N.I.H., EXTRAMURAL or RESEARCH SUPPORT, N.I.H., INTRAMURAL; CATALOG: use NAF entry HN - 2008 BX - NIDCD MH - National Institute on Drug Abuse (U.S.) UI - D054577 MN - I01.409.137.500.600.480.485 MN - N03.540.348.500.500.600.480.485 MS - Component of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. It supports a comprehensive research portfolio that focuses on the biological, social, behavioral and neuroscientific bases of drug abuse on the body and brain as well as its causes, prevention, and treatment. NIDA, NIAAA, and NIMH were created as coequal institutes within the Alcohol, Drug Abuse and Mental Health Administration in 1974. It was established within the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH in 1992. AN - add UNITED STATES (NIM); research support by this agency is checked as RESEARCH SUPPORT, N.I.H., EXTRAMURAL or RESEARCH SUPPORT, N.I.H., INTRAMURAL; CATALOG: use NAF entry HN - 2008 BX - NIDA (US) MH - United States Department of Homeland Security UI - D054543 MN - I01.409.137.500.650 MN - N03.540.348.500.500.650 MS - A cabinet department in the Executive Branch of the United States Government concerned with administering those agencies and offices having programs pertaining to domestic national security. AN - CATALOG: Use NAF entry HN - 2008 FX - Civil Defense MH - United States Office of National Drug Control Policy UI - D054545 MN - I01.409.137.500.997 MN - N03.540.348.500.500.997 MS - A component of the Executive Office of the President established by the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988. The Office establishes policies, priorities, and objectives for national DRUG AND NARCOTIC CONTROL. The goals of the program are to reduce illicit drug use, manufacturing, and trafficking, drug-related crime and violence, and drug-related health consequences. HN - 2008 MH - Cultural Competency UI - D054521 MN - I01.880.143.364 MS - Cultural and linguistic competence is a set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency, or among professionals that enables effective work in cross-cultural situations. Competence implies the capacity to function effectively as an individual and an organization within the context of the cultural beliefs, behaviors, and needs presented by consumers and their communities. AN - consider also TRANSCULTURAL NURSING HN - 2008 FX - Transcultural Nursing MH - Consumer Health Information UI - D054626 MN - I02.233.332.186 MN - N02.421.143.827.407.228 MN - N02.421.726.407.228 MS - Information intended for potential users of medical and healthcare services. There is an emphasis on self-care and preventive approaches as well as information for community-wide dissemination and use. HN - 2008 BX - Health Information, Consumer MH - Athletic Performance UI - D054874 MN - I03.450.642.845.054 MS - Carrying out of specific physical routines or procedures by one who is trained or skilled in physical activity. Performance is influenced by a combination of physiological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors. HN - 2008 BX - Sports Performance FX - Psychomotor Performance MH - Volleyball UI - D054798 MN - I03.450.642.845.932 MS - A team sport in which two teams hit an inflated ball back and forth over a high net using their hands. AN - /inj: coordinate IM with specific injury (IM); Manual 30.15.1 HN - 2008 MH - Weapons UI - D054041 MN - J01.637.870 MS - Devices or tools used in combat or fighting in order to kill or incapacitate. HN - 2008 MH - Biological Warfare Agents UI - D054045 MN - J01.637.870.125 MN - J01.637.870.900.100 MS - Living organisms or their toxic products that are used to cause disease or death of humans during war. HN - 2008 MH - Bombs UI - D054042 MN - J01.637.870.175 MS - A weapon designed to explode when deployed. It frequently refers to a hollow case filled with EXPLOSIVE AGENTS. HN - 2008 FX - Explosive Agents FX - Nuclear Weapons MH - Nuclear Weapons UI - D054043 MN - J01.637.870.575 MN - J01.637.870.900.575 MN - SP4.011.087.713.429 MN - SP4.011.092.733 MS - A weapon that derives its destructive force from nuclear fission and/or fusion. HN - 2008; for NUCLEAR WEAPONS TESTING use NUCLEAR WARFARE 1998-2007 BX - Atomic Bombs BX - Bombs, Atomic BX - Bombs, Hydrogen BX - Hydrogen Bombs BX - Nuclear Weapons Testing BX - Thermonuclear Weapons FX - Bombs FX - Military Activities FX - Bioterrorism FX - Radioactivity FX - Bombs MH - Weapons of Mass Destruction UI - D054044 MN - J01.637.870.900 MS - Weapons that are capable of a high order of destruction and/or of being used to destroy large numbers of people. It includes NUCLEAR WEAPONS, and biological, chemical, and radiation weapons. HN - 2008 MH - Iraq War, 2003 - UI - D054542 MN - K01.400.504.984.249 MS - An armed intervention involving multi-national forces in the country of IRAQ. HN - 2008 MH - Child, Orphaned UI - D054540 MN - M01.108 MS - Child who has lost both parents through death or desertion. HN - 2008; use Foster Home Care 1995-2007 BX - Orphans MH - Adult Survivors of Child Abuse UI - D054523 MN - M01.135.500 MN - M01.643.836.199 MS - Persons who were child victims of violence and abuse including physical, sexual, or emotional maltreatment. HN - 2008 BX - Child Abuse, Adult Survivors MH - Emigrants and Immigrants UI - D054242 MN - M01.189 MS - People who leave their place of residence in one country and settle in a different country. AN - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION is also available HN - 2008; for EMIGRANTS use EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION 1995-2007; for IMMIGRATION use EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION 1996-2005; for ALIENS use EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION 1989-2007; for FOREIGNERS use EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION 1992-2007 BX - Emigrants BX - Immigrants FX - Emigration and Immigration MH - Anatomists UI - D054814 MN - M01.526.485.133 MN - N02.360.133 MS - Those persons skilled in anatomy or dissection. HN - 2008 MH - Occupational Health Physicians UI - D054538 MN - M01.526.485.810.675 MN - N02.360.810.675 MS - Physicians employed in a company or corporate setting that is generally not in the health care industry. HN - 2008 BX - Physicians, Occupational Health MH - Men's Health UI - D054526 MN - N01.400.425 MN - SP2.006.017 MS - The concept covering the physical and mental conditions of men. HN - 2008 MH - Minority Health UI - D054525 MN - N01.400.512 MS - The concept covering the physical and mental conditions of members of minority groups. HN - 2008 MH - Medication Therapy Management UI - D054539 MN - N02.421.668.438 MN - N03.219.521.576.343.575.500.500 MN - N03.219.521.576.343.840.938.500 MN - N04.590.661 MS - Assistance in managing and monitoring drug therapy for patients receiving treatment for cancer or chronic conditions such as asthma and diabetes, consulting with patients and their families on the proper use of medication; conducting wellness and disease prevention programs to improve public health; overseeing medication use in a variety of settings. HN - 2008 BX - Drug Therapy Management BX - MEDICARE Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 MH - Medicare Part D UI - D054524 MN - N03.219.521.576.343.575.500 MN - N03.219.521.576.343.840.938 MS - A stand-alone drug plan offered by insurers and other private companies to beneficiaries that receive their Medicare Part A and/or B benefits through the Original Medicare Plan. It includes Medicare Private Fee-for-Service Plans that do not offer prescription drug coverage and Medicare Cost Plans offering Medicare prescription drug coverage. The plan was enacted as the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 with coverage beginning January 1, 2006. HN - 2008 MH - Blue Cross Blue Shield Insurance Plans UI - D054598 MN - N03.219.521.710.305.090.125 MS - Prepaid health and hospital insurance plan. AN - specify geographic term if possible; CATALOG: coordinate with specific NAF entry if applicable HN - 2008(1975) BX - Blue Cross BX - Blue Shield MH - Healthcare Disparities UI - D054625 MN - N04.590.374.380 MN - N05.300.493 MS - Differences in access to or availability of facilities and services. HN - 2008 BX - Disparities, Healthcare MH - Clinical Audit UI - D054869 MN - N04.761.700.250 MN - N05.700.175 MS - A detailed review and evaluation of selected clinical records by qualified professional personnel to improve the quality of patient care and outcomes. The clinical audit was formally introduced in 1993 into the United Kingdom's National Health Service. AN - general; prefer specifics HN - 2008 MH - Aphorisms and Proverbs UI - D054519 MN - V02.135 MS - Short memorable sayings in common use. They express in simple language an obvious truth, familiar experience, or advice. AN - this heading is used as a Publication Type. Used by catalogers only; aphorisms & proverbs as subject are indexed under the main heading APHORISMS AND PROVERBS AS TOPIC HN - 2008 BX - Aphorisms BX - Maxims BX - Proverbs MH - Introductory Journal Article UI - D054711 MN - V02.600.249 MS - Prefactory summary to a special issue or section of a journal devoted to a specific topic. This introductory text can be of varying length and substance. AN - this heading is used as a Publication Type; CATALOG: Do not use HN - 2008 MH - Interactive Tutorial UI - D054710 MN - V02.600.500.500 MS - Consisting of video recordings or other files that reveal material selectively according to user guidance. AN - this heading is used as a Publication Type; CATALOG: do not use HN - 2008 MH - Montenegro UI - D054548 MN - Z01.542.248.609 MS - Montenegro was formerly part of the historic Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Following World War II, Montenegro was granted the status of a republic within YUGOSLAVIA. On May 21, 2006, the Republic of Montenegro held a successful referendum on independence and declared independence on June 3. The capital is Podgorica. HN - 2008 MH - Xylopia UI - D054336 MN - B06.388.100.065.992 MS - A plant genus of the family ANNONACEAE. Members contain DITERPENES. AN - coordinate with specific PLANT COMPONENTS term if pertinent; for use in therapy coordinate IM with PHYTOTHERAPY (IM) + disease/drug ther (IM) + PLANT PREPARATIONS or its indentations/ther use (IM or NIM) + specific plant chemical /ther use (IM) if pertinent; Manual 26.29 HN - 2008; use ANNONACEAE 2003-2007